Experimental database — not agricultural advice. Learn more

Back to Screener
Bell Pepper

Bell Pepper

Capsicum annuum (Grossum group)

vegetableannual

Warm-season fruiting vegetable in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), grown as an annual in temperate climates (Zones 4-11) from transplants set out after the last spring frost and after soil temperature 3 inches below the surface reaches 60F. The Grossum cultivar group produces blocky, non-pungent fruit (0 SHU on the Scoville scale); ripening progresses from green through yellow, orange, red, purple, brown, or black depending on cultivar. Fresh-market production is dominant in the United States; bell peppers also have established processing channels (dehydrated, frozen, brined). Drip irrigation with plastic mulch is the standard fresh-market system.

24/30

Crop Snowflake Score

Gross Revenue
$9,802

/acre

Net Return
—

/acre

Price Trend
declining
Establishment Cost
—

/acre

Crop Insurance
None
Years to Production
0

years

Overview

Plants are tender perennials cultivated as annuals; light frost will kill the crop. Optimal growing temperature range is roughly 70-84F. Mature green peppers are the largest single market segment, but colored peppers (red, yellow, orange) command a price premium because field losses are higher and per-acre yields are lower when fruit is held on the plant to fully ripen. National average yield in 2017 was 380 cwt/acre (~38,000 lb/acre) for fresh-market bell peppers; greenhouse hydroponic yields can be substantially higher. Crop is sensitive to blossom-end rot under inconsistent moisture, sunscald on exposed fruit during heat waves, and bacterial spot in humid conditions. Rotate at least 3 years away from other solanaceous crops (tomato, eggplant, potato) to suppress soilborne disease. Per-capita U.S. consumption of fresh bell peppers averaged 11.4 lb in 2017 (up 6% from 2015) and chile peppers 7.7 lb (USDA ERS 2018, via AgMRC).

Growing Season

Plant
late spring – early summer
Harvest
mid-summer – first fall frost
Frost-free days
75+
GDD (base 50°F)
1,500 – 2,200

Yield

Typical yield
380 cwt/acre
Productive lifespan
1 years
Labor
225 hrs/acre
96%

Market Fit

4/6

Active Regional Buyers

1 active buyer on record purchasing this crop.

Price Trend Stable/Up

3-year price trend recorded as "declining".

Supply Below Demand

2 of 6 documented channels rate viability "strong". Sold into regional rather than national markets, vegetable supply here generally trails that demand.

Multiple Buyer Channels

6 of 6 documented market channels rate viable or better (wholesale, farmers_market, retail, restaurant). Multiple independent routes to market.

Value-Added Potential

4 viable direct-market channels (farmers_market, restaurant, csa, direct_to_consumer). Supports value-added and margin capture beyond wholesale.

Market Growth Projected

Mature vegetable market; growth over a 5-year horizon is expected to track population rather than outpace it.

Market Channels

wholesale · Dominant commercial outlet: fresh peppers move through packers/shippers to grocery distribution. Bell and chili peppers are among the highest-value fresh vegetable categories.
farmers_market · High direct-market demand for vine-ripe colored peppers; growers capture a premium over green-stage wholesale by harvesting at full color.
retail · Sold to grocery and farm-stand retail; colored (red/yellow/orange) peppers command higher shelf prices than green-stage fruit.
restaurant · Local restaurants source fresh peppers seasonally; consistent sizing and color grade required for menu use.
csa · Reliable warm-season CSA box staple across a long harvest window from midsummer to frost.
direct_to_consumer · Farm stands and U-pick allow harvest at full color for a flavor premium and reduced grading requirements.

Climate Fit

6/6

Hardiness Zone Match

Crop tolerates zones 4-11; region spans 5-6. Overlaps.

GDD Sufficient

Crop needs 1500 GDD (base 50F); region accumulates 2500+. Sufficient.

Precipitation Compatible

Crop needs ~22 in; region receives ~38 in/yr. Compatible, irrigation available as supplement.

Frost-Free Season OK

Crop needs 100 frost-free days; region provides ~180. Sufficient.

Chill Hours Met

Not applicable — annual crop has no winter chill requirement.

Climate Trend Favorable

Crop spans 8 hardiness zones (4-11). Wide adaptive range buffers against warming trend.

Fit by region

The farm matcher, run on each region's cited climate normals. Soil and site are not included here; add your own on the match page.

Match your farm
Finger Lakeszone 5b/6a · 2,200 GDD · 145 frost-free days · 38.29" rain

Limited by high-severity risks. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.

Strong fit
94/100
Heat accumulation (GDD base 50F)Frost-free seasonRainfallHigh-severity risksKnown buyers
Lake Erie Concord Grape Beltzone 6a/6b/7a · 2,923 GDD · 185 frost-free days · 41.09" rain

Limited by high-severity risks. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.

Strong fit
94/100
Heat accumulation (GDD base 50F)Frost-free seasonRainfallHigh-severity risksKnown buyers
Chautauqua Uplands (Allegheny Plateau)zone 6a · 2,364 GDD · 158 frost-free days · 45.93" rain

Limited by high-severity risks. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.

Strong fit
94/100
Heat accumulation (GDD base 50F)Frost-free seasonRainfallHigh-severity risksKnown buyers

Climate envelope & site

What the farm matcher compares your conditions against.

Climate envelope

Hardiness zone
n/a
Frost-free season
75+ days
Heat (GDD base 50°F)
1,500+
Winter chill
n/a
Rainfall
23.6–66.9 in/yr

Below the minimum, irrigation is needed; above the maximum the crop fails.

Soil pH target
6.0–6.8

Extension lime target; within 1.0 of it is correctable.

Site & structure

Spring frost at bloom
n/a
Needs cold-air drainage
n/a
Shade tolerance
none — full sun
Mature height
not yet recorded
Rooting depth
not yet recorded
Wind exposure tolerance
not yet recorded
Workable slope
not yet recorded

Height, rooting depth and shade tolerance are the inputs an alley or guild layout needs.

Soil Compatibility

Soil Texture

clay (marginal)clay_loam (marginal)loam (ideal)loamy_sand (suitable)sand (marginal)sandy_clay_loam (suitable)sandy_loam (ideal)silt_loam (ideal)silty_clay (poor)silty_clay_loam (marginal)

Drainage

excessively_drained (marginal)somewhat_excessively_drained (suitable)well_drained (ideal)moderately_well_drained (suitable)somewhat_poorly_drained (poor)poorly_drained (poor)very_poorly_drained (poor)

Infrastructure Fit

4/6

Equipment Compatible

4 of 11 documented equipment items are crop-specific (36%) against a catalog median of 29%. Above-median share of purpose-built equipment, implying real capital outlay.

Storage Available

3 documented storage routes; at least one (Fresh cold storage) is reachable with conventional on-farm or third-party facilities.

Irrigation Compatible

Requires ~22 in. Deliverable with conventional drip or overhead irrigation.

Field Layout Suitable

Suited to the small-to-mid-size fragmented parcels typical of the region.

Labor Availability

350 labor hr/ac vs catalog 75th percentile 250 hr/ac. Labor-intensive — competes for scarce seasonal labor.

Processing Proximity

1 processor/cooperative buyer on record for this crop, 1 within NY/PA/OH.

Equipment Requirements

general

Tractor (25-50 HP, utility)Required

Utility tractor for bed prep, mulch laying, cultivation, and spraying. Often shared across multiple vegetable enterprises.

$22,000
Floating row cover (Agribon AG-19 or equivalent)Optional

Per-acre roll-cost. Provides 2-4°F frost protection at transplanting, excludes early-season aphids and flea beetles. Remove at flowering to allow pollination.

$600

planting

Plastic mulch / drip tape layerOptional Specialized

Lays raised beds with embossed black or reflective plastic mulch and drip tape in a single pass. Strongly recommended for commercial peppers — improves stand, suppresses weeds, repels aphids (with silver mulch).

$4,500
Water-wheel transplanter (1-2 row)Optional Specialized

Punches holes in plastic mulch, delivers starter water, and aids hand placement of transplants. Reduces labor 30-50% versus hand-punch transplanting.

$3,800

irrigation

Drip irrigation system (filter, injector, drip tape)Required

Per-acre estimate for filter station, fertigation injector, mainline, and seasonal drip tape (T-tape 5-8 mil). Drip is strongly preferred to overhead to limit foliar disease pressure.

$1,200

spraying

Boom or airblast sprayer (50-100 gal)Required

For protectant fungicide and insecticide programs (Phytophthora, bacterial spot, aphids, lepidoptera). Calibration and PPE compliance per label.

$8,500

cultivation

Inter-row cultivator / hooded sprayerOptional

Between-row mechanical cultivation in non-plasticulture systems, or hooded sprayer for in-row banded herbicide between plastic-mulched beds.

$3,500

harvesting

Harvest lugs / picking totes (25-lb bushel)Required

Multiple hand-pickings over a 6-10 week harvest window. Plastic lugs preferred over waxed cardboard for sanitation and reuse.

$800

post_harvest

Forced-air or hydrocoolerOptional Specialized

Removes field heat from freshly harvested fruit to extend shelf life. Target pulp temperature 7-10°C (45-50°F) within hours of harvest.

$18,000
Walk-in cooler (7-10°C / 90-95% RH)Required Specialized

Short-term holding before market. Hold at 7-10°C; avoid lower temperatures which cause chilling injury (pitting, decay). Keep separate from ethylene-producing crops (apples, tomatoes).

$15,000
Grading / sizing table with wax brushOptional

Manual or roller grading table for size/color sort; some operations wax-brush to enhance shine. Most direct-market growers grade and pack at field-side.

$6,500

Storage Requirements

Fresh cold storage

Temperature

45–50°F

Humidity

90–95%

Max Storage

21 days

Fresh cold storage (vine-ripe)

Temperature

41–45°F

Humidity

90–95%

Max Storage

14 days

Frozen (IQF)

Temperature

-10–0°F

Max Storage

365 days

Financial Return

4/6

Revenue Above Average

Gross revenue $9,802/ac vs catalog median $6,000/ac. Above median.

Input Costs Acceptable

Input cost not recorded; not penalising. Catalog 75th percentile is $6,300/ac.

Payback Period OK

Reaches full production in 0 years. Acceptable payback.

Insurance Available

No federal crop insurance recorded for this crop; risk sits with the grower.

Revenue Per Labor Hour

Cannot compute — net return not recorded. Catalog median is $13.16/hr.

Grants/Subsidies

Vegetable crops are eligible under the USDA Specialty Crop Block Grant Program.

Economics Breakdown

Avg Price/Unit$34/$/cwt
Gross Revenue/Acre$9,802
Annual Operating Cost—/acre
Establishment Cost—/acre
Total Input Cost—/acre
Net Return/Acre—
Revenue/Labor Hour—
Crop Insurance Not available

Source: USDA NASS Vegetables 2025 Summary (February 2026) — Michigan state estimate (Great Lakes proxy for this region) (2025)

Risk Profile

6/6

Manageable Pest/Disease

4 of 11 documented risks are high-severity (36%) against a catalog median of 36%. Risk load is manageable by conventional IPM.

Market Diversified

6 viable market channels of 6 documented, plus 1 named buyer. Not dependent on a single outlet.

Low Establishment Risk

0 years to full production. Low establishment exposure.

Climate Resilient

Tolerates zones 4-11 (8 zones). Broad tolerance indicates resilience to seasonal variability.

Regulatory Burden Low

No crop-specific licensing or reporting regime beyond standard food-safety and pesticide rules.

Diversifies Portfolio

Adds a vegetable revenue stream distinct from the region's grape-dominated base.

Known Risks

disease

Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici)high

Soilborne oomycete causing crown rot, fruit rot, and rapid plant collapse, especially after warm wet periods and in poorly drained soils. The most economically damaging pepper disease in many growing regions.

Bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas spp.)high

Caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and related species. Produces water-soaked leaf lesions, defoliation, and fruit spotting. Spreads rapidly during warm humid weather and is seedborne.

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.)moderate

Fungal fruit rot producing sunken, water-soaked lesions on ripe fruit, often with concentric rings of pink-orange spore masses. Causes major postharvest and field losses in warm humid conditions.

Potyvirus and Tomato spotted wilt virus complexmoderate

Aphid- and thrips-vectored viruses (Tobacco etch, Pepper mottle, Cucumber mosaic, TSWV) causing mosaic, leaf distortion, stunting, and unmarketable fruit. No effective curative control once infected.

pest

Aphids (multiple species)moderate

Green peach aphid, melon aphid, and others colonize new growth and serve as primary vectors of mosaic viruses. Direct damage from feeding usually secondary to virus transmission.

Pepper weevil (Anthonomus eugenii)high

Small dark snout beetle whose larvae develop inside flower buds and immature fruit, causing fruit abortion or premature ripening with frass-filled cores. Established in southern regions; periodic incursions further north.

European corn borer / Beet armyworm complexmoderate

Lepidopteran larvae bore into fruit and cause direct feeding damage. ECB enters through the calyx, leaving entry holes and internal feeding tunnels; armyworm feeds on foliage and fruit surface.

weather

Frost / chilling injury at establishmenthigh

Peppers are sensitive to temperatures below 10°C (50°F) and killed by frost. Cold soils at transplanting cause stunting and uneven stands; chilling injury during fruit set reduces yield.

Heat stress and flower abscissionmoderate

Night temperatures above 24°C (75°F) and day temperatures above 32°C (90°F) during flowering cause flower drop and reduced fruit set. Sunscald of exposed fruit also increases under heat with sparse canopy.

environmental

Blossom-end rot (calcium-water imbalance)moderate

Dark sunken rot at the blossom end of developing fruit caused by localized calcium deficiency, usually induced by fluctuating soil moisture rather than absolute Ca shortage. Common on first fruit set in stressed plants.

market

Fresh-market price volatilitymoderate

Bell pepper prices fluctuate significantly with supply gluts from Florida, Mexico, and California production windows. Smaller-scale growers without contracted buyers can face thin margins or unsold inventory in peak supply months.

Nutritional Yield

USDA FoodData Central
Profile based on Peppers, sweet, green, raw (fruit form)
Edible mass per acre14,134 kg
Computed: 380 cwt × 45.36 kg/unit × 82% edible

Macronutrients

NutrientPer 100 gPer acre
Calories20 kcal2,826,773 kcal
Protein0.9 g121,551 g
Total fat0.2 g24,028 g
Carbohydrates4.6 g655,811 g
Fiber1.7 g240,276 g
Sugar2.4 g339,213 g

Key micronutrients

Iron
0.3 mg /100g
48,055 mg / acre
Calcium
10 mg /100g
1,413,386 mg / acre
Potassium
175 mg /100g
24,734,263 mg / acre
Vitamin C
80.4 mg /100g
11,363,627 mg / acre
Vitamin A
370 IU /100g
52,295,298 IU / acre
Folate
10 mcg /100g
1,413,386 mcg / acre

Uncertainty: Per-acre values are estimates that compound the yield range, edible-fraction assumption, and a single representative nutrient panel. Treat them as order-of-magnitude planning numbers, not nutritional advice. Confidence: high.

Ecosystem Services

Ecosystem service data pending.

The next research-agent rotation will document this crop's contributions to pollinator support, soil health, water quality, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration.

Cultivars

Named varieties and what the sources say sets each apart. A cultivar-specific zone, chill or maturity figure overrides the species value above.

No cultivars recorded yet for this crop.

Grows With / Avoid Near

Documented interactions with other catalog crops — shared pests, allelopathy, rotation effects, alley and understory pairings — for companion, guild and rotation planning. Plan a combination with Bell Pepper →

Avoid near, or plan around (44)

Tolerates (1)

Direction matters: a rotation benefit of A before B says nothing about B before A. Interactions are documented pairs only; absence is a research gap, not a clean bill.

Nearby Buyers

Radius from Lake Erie Concord Grape Belt:

Eden Valley Growers

Eden, NY · 30.0 mi

cooperative
Accepts contracts

Data Sources

Every data point on this page is traceable to its source. Below you'll find the complete provenance trail — which sources were used, when data was last verified, and a full change history.

Primary sources: Data sourced from USDA Agricultural Marketing Resource Center (AgMRC) Bell and Chili Peppers commodity profile (revised May 2024) — https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/vegetables/bell-and-chili-peppers — and Penn State Extension Pepper Production guide — https://extension.psu.edu/pepper-production. Yield, price, and per-capita consumption figures from AgMRC; soil-temperature transplant guidance, harvest interval, and Mid-Atlantic agronomic context from Penn State Extension.

Economics data year: 2025 · Basis: lake erie View economics source →

33 tracked changes across 7 data categories

Market Channels

Jan 1, 20256 entries

Storage Requirements

Jan 1, 20253 entries

Economics & Pricing

Crop Picker

by Every.Farm

A stock-screener-style tool for comparing crops anywhere in the world.

Your Location

  • Lake Erie Concord Grape Belt
  • NY / PA
  • United States
  • Zone 6a

Change this from the header to screen crops for a different region.

Experimental research database. AI-assisted, may contain errors. Not formal agricultural, financial, or planting advice. Verify with your local extension service before making decisions.

© 2026 Every.Farm · Data for informational purposes only.