Field Corn (Dent)

“European corn borer (ECB) is a major pest insect of many different host crops in the United States, including the northeast. These include sweet and field corn, snap beans, peppers, potatoes, apples, hemp, small grains and ornamental plants.”

“Their feeding injures the fruits and seeds of various crops, including apples, peaches, apricots, grapes, tomatoes, eggplant, pepper, soybeans, and corn.”

“Brown marmorated stink bug feeds on a wide variety of host plants, including a variety of fruits (e.g., apples, stone fruits including peaches and apricots, figs, mulberries, citrus fruits, and persimmons), crops (e.g., beans, corn, tomatoes and soybeans) and many ornamental plants and weeds.”

“Hosts: Over 300, including vegetables (beans, asparagus, pepper, tomato, sweet corn, peas), tree fruits (apple, pear, cherry, peach), small fruits (raspberry, currants, grapes), ornamental shrubs (serviceberry, viburnum, rose, butterfly bush), ornamental trees (crabapple, maple, redbud), field crops (soybean, corn).”

“Known host plants of BMSB include apple, pear, stone fruits (peach, plum, cherry, etc.), berries, corn, tomatoes, beans, squash and melon, pepper, and eggplant.”

“Specifically, they feed on thin-skinned crops including grapes, blackberries, raspberries, peaches, pears, plums, apples, and corn.”

“European corn borer (ECB) is a major pest insect of many different host crops in the United States, including the northeast. These include sweet and field corn, snap beans, peppers, potatoes, apples, hemp, small grains and ornamental plants.”

“Specifically, they feed on thin-skinned crops including grapes, blackberries, raspberries, peaches, pears, plums, apples, and corn.”

“Agric. Vaccinium corymbosum highbush blueberry Orn. Viburnum dilatatum linden arrowwood Orn. Viburnum prunifolium viburnum (blackhaw) Orn. Viburnum burkwoodii viburnum Agric. Vitis vinifera wine grape Wild Vitis riparia riverbank wild grape Agric. Zea mays corn”

“This mycoplasma-like pathogen causes distortion and discoloration of leaves and stunted, hairy, and bitter roots in both carrots and parsnips. Lettuce, celery, celeriac, parsley, corn, and potato are also susceptible.”

“Wireworms (Melanotus communis, Limonius spp.) Highly wireworm- susceptible crops (e.g., root crops, corn, melons) following grassy sod or small grain crops Larvae in soil in the field Wireworms can continue to be damaging in a particular field for many years, since some species remain in the larval stage for 3–6 years.”

“Incorporating the rye before it’s 18 in. high could decrease tie-up of soil N (361, 422). In Pennsylvania (118) and elsewhere, kill at least 10 days before planting corn.”

“Terminating rye 10 to 14 days prior to planting corn greatly minimizes the chance of a negative impact.”

“After working with growers since 2015 with rye cover crops, we feel nitrogen tie-up in the rye is the more likely cause for corn plants having any slower growth, yellowish color, or reduced germination.”

“However, the Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy science assessment identified a 6% corn grain yield reduction when grown following a rye cover crop.”

“Therefore, once reaching the reproductive stage, and a C:N greater than 40, free soil N is not available quickly to the next crop, which often leads to N deficiency in crops such as corn that need a lot of N. To combat this, it is recommended to apply a high starter N-rate or apply N early in the season. With legumes such as soybeans, this is not a problem.”

“In contrast, for more than half of our 12 site-years, grain yield of corn planted green was significantly lower or trended lower than corn planted into preplant-killed cover crops.”

“If armyworms have been a problem, for example, burning down rye before a corn crop could move the pests into the corn.”

“They can infect over 80 species of annual and perennial grasses including barley, corn, oats, rye, and wheat, but yield impacts are restricted to wheat, barley, and oats.”

“Because it can increase numbers of cut worms and wire worms in no-till planting conditions, rye is not the most suitable cover where those worms are a problem ahead of grass crops like corn, sweet corn, sorghum or pearl millet.”

“Rye may act as a 'green bridge' for plant pathogens. The dying rye could serve as a host for pathogens that move to corn seedlings after the rye dies.”

“Two recent blogs (blog 1, blog 2) from Alison Robertson’s lab tell that temporal and spatial distancing of cereal rye and corn reduced the severity of Pythium seedling infection and mitigated yield loss.”

“Rootworm beetles are attracted to plants in the Cucurbitaceae family, such as cucumbers, melons, and pumpkins. Since rootworms typically lay eggs where they are feeding, corn planted after a cucurbit crop can result in high rootworm populations to rotated corn.”

“This insect is a major pest that feeds on corn and dry beans, in which its larvae are highly detrimental to crop yield and quality.”

“Despite the name, WBC does not feed on soybeans; rather, they have a clear preference for dry beans and corn.”

“The increase in biomass production in the polycultures was nearly always related to an increase in biomass production of maize and/or squash, while the biomass of bean was the same or less than in the monocultures.”

“However, similar trends are common from previous growing season, mainly a higher yield in the monocrop treatment compared to the Three Sisters.”

“Research by Mt.Pleasant and Burt (2010) found that maize yields were not affected by the presence of bean and pumpkin, yielding as well in the polyculture as in monoculture. However, bean and squash yields were greatly reduced when grown with maize compared to their yields in monocultures.”

“Rotate small grains and corn with legumes, and leave at least one year between cereals, grass or corn before planting small grains.”

“Plant clean, firm seed and rotate out of alliums for at least 4 years after an infestation. Avoid planting allium crops directly after brassicas, corn, grain, or grass cover crops.”

“The pest is called corn earworm when it feeds on corn. It can cause serious injury to tomatoes, hemp, tobacco, cotton, soybeans and corn.”

“European corn borer (ECB) is a major pest insect of many different host crops in the United States, including the northeast. These include sweet and field corn, snap beans, peppers, potatoes, apples, hemp, small grains and ornamental plants.”

“As the production of hemp and hops grows in the northeast, pests such as the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis, are increasingly problematic for these crops. As the name suggests, ECB are a major pest of corn, though they can be damaging to hundreds of plants.”

“As the production of hemp and hops grows in the northeast, pests such as the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis, are increasingly problematic for these crops. As the name suggests, ECB are a major pest of corn, though they can be damaging to hundreds of plants.”

“Specifically, they feed on thin-skinned crops including grapes, blackberries, raspberries, peaches, pears, plums, apples, and corn.”

“Their feeding injures the fruits and seeds of various crops, including apples, peaches, apricots, grapes, tomatoes, eggplant, pepper, soybeans, and corn.”

“Hosts: Over 300, including vegetables (beans, asparagus, pepper, tomato, sweet corn, peas), tree fruits (apple, pear, cherry, peach), small fruits (raspberry, currants, grapes), ornamental shrubs (serviceberry, viburnum, rose, butterfly bush), ornamental trees (crabapple, maple, redbud), field crops (soybean, corn).”

“D, barley should not be grown after corn due to possibility of scab (119).”

“Rotate small grains and corn with legumes, and leave at least one year between cereals, grass or corn before planting small grains.”

“Although the fungus­is found mainly on wheat, corn, and barley,it can also occur on other annual and perennial hosts.”

“They can infect over 80 species of annual and perennial grasses including barley, corn, oats, rye, and wheat, but yield impacts are restricted to wheat, barley, and oats.”

“Rotate small grains and corn with legumes, and leave at least one year between cereals, grass or corn before planting small grains.”

“FHB, or scab, affects wheat, barley, oats, corn, and other grasses.”

“They can infect over 80 species of annual and perennial grasses including barley, corn, oats, rye, and wheat, but yield impacts are restricted to wheat, barley, and oats.”

“Plant clean seed and rotate out of alliums for at least 4 years after an infestation. Avoid planting alliums directly after brassicas, corn, grain, or grass cover crops.”

“This mycoplasma-like pathogen causes distortion and discoloration of leaves and stunted, hairy, and bitter roots in both carrots and parsnips. Lettuce, celery, celeriac, parsley, corn, and potato are also susceptible.”

“Brown marmorated stink bug feeds on a wide variety of host plants, including a variety of fruits (e.g., apples, stone fruits including peaches and apricots, figs, mulberries, citrus fruits, and persimmons), crops (e.g., beans, corn, tomatoes and soybeans) and many ornamental plants and weeds.”

“Their feeding injures the fruits and seeds of various crops, including apples, peaches, apricots, grapes, tomatoes, eggplant, pepper, soybeans, and corn.”

“Hosts: Over 300, including vegetables (beans, asparagus, pepper, tomato, sweet corn, peas), tree fruits (apple, pear, cherry, peach), small fruits (raspberry, currants, grapes), ornamental shrubs (serviceberry, viburnum, rose, butterfly bush), ornamental trees (crabapple, maple, redbud), field crops (soybean, corn).”

“Known host plants of BMSB include apple, pear, stone fruits (peach, plum, cherry, etc.), berries, corn, tomatoes, beans, squash and melon, pepper, and eggplant.”

“Specifically, they feed on thin-skinned crops including grapes, blackberries, raspberries, peaches, pears, plums, apples, and corn.”

“Hosts: Over 300, including vegetables (beans, asparagus, pepper, tomato, sweet corn, peas), tree fruits (apple, pear, cherry, peach), small fruits (raspberry, currants, grapes), ornamental shrubs (serviceberry, viburnum, rose, butterfly bush), ornamental trees (crabapple, maple, redbud), field crops (soybean, corn).”

“Known host plants of BMSB include apple, pear, stone fruits (peach, plum, cherry, etc.), berries, corn, tomatoes, beans, squash and melon, pepper, and eggplant.”

“Specifically, they feed on thin-skinned crops including grapes, blackberries, raspberries, peaches, pears, plums, apples, and corn.”

“European corn borer (ECB) is a major pest insect of many different host crops in the United States, including the northeast. These include sweet and field corn, snap beans, peppers, potatoes, apples, hemp, small grains and ornamental plants.”

“This mycoplasma-like pathogen causes distortion and discoloration of leaves and stunted, hairy, and bitter roots in both carrots and parsnips. Lettuce, celery, celeriac, parsley, corn, and potato are also susceptible.”

“Corn, small grains, and other grasses are usually good crops to rotate with vegetable crops. Fusarium fruit rot, however, has been more common in pumpkin following corn.”

“Research by Mt.Pleasant and Burt (2010) found that maize yields were not affected by the presence of bean and pumpkin, yielding as well in the polyculture as in monoculture. However, bean and squash yields were greatly reduced when grown with maize compared to their yields in monocultures.”

“The variety was excessively viny and did overtake and smother the grounded corn and diminutive beans, resulting in poor yields in the 3SI for those crops.”

“Specifically, they feed on thin-skinned crops including grapes, blackberries, raspberries, peaches, pears, plums, apples, and corn.”

“European corn borer (ECB) is a major pest insect of many different host crops in the United States, including the northeast. These include sweet and field corn, snap beans, peppers, potatoes, apples, hemp, small grains and ornamental plants.”

“Host Plants: Fall armyworm has a very wide host range but seems to prefer grasses. The most preferred plants are field and sweet corn, sorghum, bermudagrass, and crabgrass, but numerous field crops, fruits, and weeds have been known to serve as hosts.”

“If scabby wheat seeds are planted, seedling blight may develop, plus the scab fungi also cause root and crown rot diseases in small grains; ear, stalk and root rot of corn; and seed rot and damping-off of soybean.”

“The pest is called corn earworm when it feeds on corn. It can cause serious injury to tomatoes, hemp, tobacco, cotton, soybeans and corn.”

“In trials conducted in 1996 -1990, Purdue researchers reported that strip intercropping (involving eight row strips) increased yield of outside corn rows by an average of 25.8% and decreased yield of outside soybean rows by 26.6%. Corn strips with extra population and N in outside rows yielded 20 bu/A more than nonstripped corn with regular management. Stripped soybean averaged 5.9 bu/A less than unstrapped soybean.”

“Rotate small grains and corn with legumes, and leave at least one year between cereals, grass or corn before planting small grains.”

“Known host plants of BMSB include apple, pear, stone fruits (peach, plum, cherry, etc.), berries, corn, tomatoes, beans, squash and melon, pepper, and eggplant.”

“Hosts: Over 300, including vegetables (beans, asparagus, pepper, tomato, sweet corn, peas), tree fruits (apple, pear, cherry, peach), small fruits (raspberry, currants, grapes), ornamental shrubs (serviceberry, viburnum, rose, butterfly bush), ornamental trees (crabapple, maple, redbud), field crops (soybean, corn).”

“Fungicides will not provide effective control of common smut. Remove and dispose of infected stalks. Plant resistant varieties. Avoid injuring plants during cultivation. Rotate away from corn for at least three years”

“Corn rootworms (Diabrotica spp.) Corn following corn Eggs in soil in the field In the northeast US, a single-year rotation with a non-host should be adequate, but rootworms in the Midwest are adapting to defeat repeated corn-soybean rotations.”

“European corn borer (ECB) is a major pest insect of many different host crops in the United States, including the northeast. These include sweet and field corn, snap beans, peppers, potatoes, apples, hemp, small grains and ornamental plants.”

“Host Plants: Fall armyworm has a very wide host range but seems to prefer grasses. The most preferred plants are field and sweet corn, sorghum, bermudagrass, and crabgrass, but numerous field crops, fruits, and weeds have been known to serve as hosts.”

“They can infect over 80 species of annual and perennial grasses including barley, corn, oats, rye, and wheat, but yield impacts are restricted to wheat, barley, and oats.”

“The pest is called corn earworm when it feeds on corn. It can cause serious injury to tomatoes, hemp, tobacco, cotton, soybeans and corn.”

“This mycoplasma-like pathogen causes distortion and discoloration of leaves and stunted, hairy, and bitter roots in both carrots and parsnips. Lettuce, celery, celeriac, parsley, corn, and potato are also susceptible.”

“Corn wireworm causes damage to many vegetable crops including cabbage, corn, lettuce, pepper, potato, and sweet potato, as well as field crops including field corn, sorghum, soybean, tobacco, and wheat.”

“Specifically, they feed on thin-skinned crops including grapes, blackberries, raspberries, peaches, pears, plums, apples, and corn.”

“Their feeding injures the fruits and seeds of various crops, including apples, peaches, apricots, grapes, tomatoes, eggplant, pepper, soybeans, and corn.”

“Hosts: Over 300, including vegetables (beans, asparagus, pepper, tomato, sweet corn, peas), tree fruits (apple, pear, cherry, peach), small fruits (raspberry, currants, grapes), ornamental shrubs (serviceberry, viburnum, rose, butterfly bush), ornamental trees (crabapple, maple, redbud), field crops (soybean, corn).”

“Hosts: Over 300, including vegetables (beans, asparagus, pepper, tomato, sweet corn, peas), tree fruits (apple, pear, cherry, peach), small fruits (raspberry, currants, grapes), ornamental shrubs (serviceberry, viburnum, rose, butterfly bush), ornamental trees (crabapple, maple, redbud), field crops (soybean, corn).”

“Known host plants of BMSB include apple, pear, stone fruits (peach, plum, cherry, etc.), berries, corn, tomatoes, beans, squash and melon, pepper, and eggplant.”

“The pest is called corn earworm when it feeds on corn. It can cause serious injury to tomatoes, hemp, tobacco, cotton, soybeans and corn.”

“Rotate small grains and corn with legumes, and leave at least one year between cereals, grass or corn before planting small grains.”

“D, fusarium can be a problem when wheat follows corn (83).”

“When possible, plant wheat following a legume crop (soybean) and maintain a rotation with 2 to 3 years between wheat crops. Although soybean is also affected by F. graminearum it is still better to plant wheat after soybean than after another small grain crop or corn.”

“Planting wheat into corn stubble greatly increases the likelihood of FHB development, so wheat should follow a nonhost or less susceptible crop (that is, soybeans) whenever possible.”

“The scab fungus survives mainly on corn and wheat residue, but also can survive on residue of other grasses. If possible, don't plant wheat after corn or wheat. While planting wheat after corn or wheat would not necessarily result in scab, if the disease were to occur due to favorable environmental conditions, the damage likely would be greater than if wheat were planted after a broadleaf crop such as soybean.”

“The risk of head scab in wheat is much greater if wheat is planted in corn stubble than if planted in grain sorghum or soybean residue.”

“Although the fungus­is found mainly on wheat, corn, and barley,it can also occur on other annual and perennial hosts.”

“They can infect over 80 species of annual and perennial grasses including barley, corn, oats, rye, and wheat, but yield impacts are restricted to wheat, barley, and oats.”

“The risk of head scab in wheat is much greater if wheat is planted in corn stubble than if planted in grain sorghum or soybean residue.”

“Wireworms (Melanotus communis, Limonius spp.) Highly wireworm- susceptible crops (e.g., root crops, corn, melons) following grassy sod or small grain crops Larvae in soil in the field Wireworms can continue to be damaging in a particular field for many years, since some species remain in the larval stage for 3–6 years.”

“Wireworms (Melanotus communis, Limonius spp.) Highly wireworm- susceptible crops (e.g., root crops, corn, melons) following grassy sod or small grain crops Larvae in soil in the field Wireworms can continue to be damaging in a particular field for many years, since some species remain in the larval stage for 3–6 years.”

“Rootworm beetles are attracted to plants in the Cucurbitaceae family, such as cucumbers, melons, and pumpkins. Since rootworms typically lay eggs where they are feeding, corn planted after a cucurbit crop can result in high rootworm populations to rotated corn.”

“We believe there are two main contributing factors to the poor performance of crops following sunflower in West Texas. These factors are deep-water extraction and inadequate fertility programs for sunflower. First, sunflowers are deeply rooted. It is common for sunflowers to extract soil moisture from a depth of six feet or more. Thus most of the time subsequent crops do not have as much stored soil moisture to draw from, and there has been insufficient time for rainfall to recharge soils.”

“Fungicides will not provide effective control of common smut. Remove and dispose of infected stalks. Plant resistant varieties. Avoid injuring plants during cultivation. Rotate away from corn for at least three years”

“Corn rootworms (Diabrotica spp.) Corn following corn Eggs in soil in the field In the northeast US, a single-year rotation with a non-host should be adequate, but rootworms in the Midwest are adapting to defeat repeated corn-soybean rotations.”

“Rootworm beetles are attracted to plants in the Cucurbitaceae family, such as cucumbers, melons, and pumpkins. Since rootworms typically lay eggs where they are feeding, corn planted after a cucurbit crop can result in high rootworm populations to rotated corn.”

“Rootworm beetles are attracted to plants in the Cucurbitaceae family, such as cucumbers, melons, and pumpkins. Since rootworms typically lay eggs where they are feeding, corn planted after a cucurbit crop can result in high rootworm populations to rotated corn.”

“Wireworms (Melanotus communis, Limonius spp.) Highly wireworm- susceptible crops (e.g., root crops, corn, melons) following grassy sod or small grain crops Larvae in soil in the field Wireworms can continue to be damaging in a particular field for many years, since some species remain in the larval stage for 3–6 years.”

“Like cereal rye, mind wheat maturity preceding corn, as the more mature it gets, the higher the C:N ratio, and the more likely it is that nitrogen will be tied up (immobilization).”

“The graphic above shows a natural forest immediately adjacent to the waterway buffering an alley cropping system of apples and corn.”

“Many agronomic crops have been used as intercrops between young pecan and walnut trees including soybeans, wheat, corn and milo.”

“This co-mingling of species theoretically provides several advantages depending on the species planted with the walnut. For example , wheat, corn, or hay crops provide income to pay the bills early in the life of the plantation; black locust, autumn olive, vetch, and European black alder fix atmospheric nitrogen in root nodules and provide shade and improve form through side branch pressure; and Christmas trees or ornamental shrubs provide income after a few years.”

“Figure 1. Alley Cropping with black walnut and corn”

“Table 5: Nitrogen credits for different previous crops for first-year corn Previous crop 1st year N credit (lbs N/acre) Group 1 crops 75 Group 2 crops 0 Edible beans 20 Field peas 20”

“We grew landrace varieties of maize (Zea mays ‘Oaxacan Green’), a climbing common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris ‘Cherokee Trail of Tears’) and squash (Cucurbita pepo ‘Table Queen’), which have different root system architectures”

“The corn provides structural support, and bean fixes nitrogen in the soil for the other plants. Sister squash provides ground cover, increasing soil moisture and suppressing weed growth.”

“D-, use grain crops or sweet corn in rotation with cabbage and related species to decrease white mold (67).”

“D-, use grain crops or sweet corn in rotation with bean to decrease root rots (67).”

“Rotation with non-host crops such as sugar beets, corn, alfalfa, or small grains will reduce number of sclerotia in fields. Avoid planting beans in fields with a white mold history for at least 3 years.”

“The corn provides structural support, and bean fixes nitrogen in the soil for the other plants. Sister squash provides ground cover, increasing soil moisture and suppressing weed growth.”

“C-, potato works well after corn because it tolerates corn stover (82).”

“Verticillium wilt and scab of potato Both these diseases were reduced when corn or alfalfa was grown the previous year rather than potato.”

“D-, use grain crops or sweet corn in rotation with bean to decrease root rots (67).”

“First remember why we rotate corn and soybean: crop rotation usually results in maximum yield of both crops.”

“Continuous soybean yield was 10 bu/acre lower than for soybean grown in rotation.”

“It is important to note that the pathogen has a very broad host range and infects crops such as alfalfa, canola, edible beans, cole crops, peanuts, pulse crops and sunflower. In addition, good weed management is recommended because several weeds are hosts for the pathogen. Corn and wheat can be used in crop rotation with soybean to minimize inoculum build-up over time.”

“Rotating host crops with non-host crops (corn, small grains, and alfalfa) is the most effective method of controlling SCN. Under average Ohio conditions, SCN populations may decline by 50 percent per year under non-host crops. In fields where SCN populations are high, it may take three years or more of non-host crops between soybean crops to reduce SCN populations significantly.”

“Care should be taken when selecting crops to rotate with soybeans. Most broad-leaf crops such as alfalfa, sunflower, dry beans, are also hosts of white mold. Small grains and corn are good nonhost crops for white mold.”

“Crop rotation with nonhosts (for example, wheat and corn), avoiding fields with a history of the disease and selection of a resistant sunflower hybrid (if available) are important management tools for Verticillium wilt.”

“D-, use grain crops or sweet corn in rotation with beet to decrease root rots (67).”

“Rotate tomatoes with non-host crops such as corn or small grains for at least 4 years.”

“Key Results The maize/bean/squash and maize/bean polycultures had greater yield and biomass production on a land-equivalent basis than the monocultures.”

“In this example of alley cropping, corn is growing between rows of pecan trees.”

“Many agronomic crops have been used as intercrops between young pecan and walnut trees including soybeans, wheat, corn and milo.”

“The corn provides structural support, and bean fixes nitrogen in the soil for the other plants. Sister squash provides ground cover, increasing soil moisture and suppressing weed growth.”

“D-, a previous crop of soybean reduces red root rot of corn (Phoma terrestris + Pythium spp. and Fusarium spp.) (123).”

“Over the last eight years, Iowa corn yields following corn have ranged from almost the same to 27 percent less than yield of corn following soybeans.”

“The following N credits are recommended for common previous crops: 30 lb./A for soybeans, 40 lb./A for grass sod or pasture, 30 lb./A for an annual legume cover crop, and a maximum of 140 lb./A for an established forage legume (less for a poor stand).”

“Soybean in the cropping rotation results in a soil system that supplies greater crop-available N.”

“If corn is grown following soybean on irrigated sandy soils, a credit of 30 lbs of N per acre should be taken from the suggestions given in Table 2.”

“Centers where we conducted paired trials of corn following soybean (corn/soy) and corn following corn (corn/corn) from 2007 to 2010, the average AONR for corn/corn was 44 lbs greater than for corn/soy while average corn/corn yields were 18 bu / ac less than the corn/soy yields.”

“Table 5: Nitrogen credits for different previous crops for first-year corn Previous crop 1st year N credit (lbs N/acre) Group 1 crops 75 Group 2 crops 0 Edible beans 20 Field peas 20”

“Yields of corn and grain sorghum were highest following fall-sown Austrian winter pea and hairy vetch when compared to oats, mixtures with oats, and no cover crop.”

“Resistant plants to juglone include beans, beets, cedar, cherry, corn, daffodil, elm, ferns, forsythia, hawthorn, hemlock, iris, locust, most maples, oaks, onions, orchard grass, pachysandra, sycamore, viburnums, and wheat (PNW Disease Management Handbook, 2016).”

“Pink spotted ladybeetle numbers were significantly more abundant in corn plots adjacent to buckwheat insectary borders compared to those bordering cowpea throughout the study. However were similar when compared to weedy fallow and biculture treatments. Insidious flower bug was initially found on July 18th and began to decline by July 30th. Insectary border treatment did not appear to affect insidious flower bug numbers.”