Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) are a cool-season annual tuber crop well-suited to Zones 3-11, thriving in well-drained acidic soils with consistent moisture. They are a major commercial crop for fresh market, chipping, and seed, with high value but intensive management needs.
Crop Snowflake Score
/acre
/acre
/acre
years
Overview
Growing Season
- Plant
- April to early June – April to early June
- Harvest
- July to October – July to October
- Frost-free days
- 120+
- GDD (base 50°F)
- 1,000
Yield
- Typical yield
- 270 cwt/acre
- Productive lifespan
- 1 years
- Labor
- 100 hrs/acre
Market Fit
Active Regional Buyers
1 active buyer on record purchasing this crop.
Price Trend Stable/Up
3-year price trend recorded as "declining".
Supply Below Demand
2 of 6 documented channels rate viability "strong". Sold into regional rather than national markets, vegetable supply here generally trails that demand.
Multiple Buyer Channels
6 of 6 documented market channels rate viable or better (wholesale, retail, farmers_market, direct_to_consumer). Multiple independent routes to market.
Value-Added Potential
4 viable direct-market channels (farmers_market, direct_to_consumer, restaurant, csa). Supports value-added and margin capture beyond wholesale.
Market Growth Projected
Mature vegetable market; growth over a 5-year horizon is expected to track population rather than outpace it.
Market Channels
Climate Fit
Hardiness Zone Match
Crop tolerates zones 3-11; region spans 5-6. Overlaps.
GDD Sufficient
Crop needs 1000 GDD (base 50F); region accumulates 2500+. Sufficient.
Precipitation Compatible
Crop needs ~15 in; region receives ~38 in/yr. Compatible, irrigation available as supplement.
Frost-Free Season OK
Crop needs 120 frost-free days; region provides ~180. Sufficient.
Chill Hours Met
Not applicable — annual crop has no winter chill requirement.
Climate Trend Favorable
Crop spans 9 hardiness zones (3-11). Wide adaptive range buffers against warming trend.
Fit by region
The farm matcher, run on each region's cited climate normals. Soil and site are not included here; add your own on the match page.
No limiting condition found. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.
No limiting condition found. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.
No limiting condition found. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.
Climate envelope & site
What the farm matcher compares your conditions against.
Climate envelope
- Hardiness zone
- n/a
- Frost-free season
- 120+ days
- Heat (GDD base 50°F)
- 1,000+
- Winter chill
- n/a
- Rainfall
- 19.7–78.7 in/yr
Below the minimum, irrigation is needed; above the maximum the crop fails.
- Soil pH target
- 5.0–6.5
Extension lime target; within 1.0 of it is correctable.
Site & structure
- Spring frost at bloom
- n/a
- Needs cold-air drainage
- n/a
- Shade tolerance
- none — full sun
- Mature height
- not yet recorded
- Rooting depth
- not yet recorded
- Wind exposure tolerance
- not yet recorded
- Workable slope
- not yet recorded
Height, rooting depth and shade tolerance are the inputs an alley or guild layout needs.
Soil Compatibility
Soil Texture
Drainage
Infrastructure Fit
Equipment Compatible
4 of 8 documented equipment items are crop-specific (50%) against a catalog median of 29%. Above-median share of purpose-built equipment, implying real capital outlay.
Storage Available
3 documented storage routes; all require purpose-built capital (Seed potatoes; Table stock (fresh market); Processing stock (chipping/frying)).
Irrigation Compatible
Requires ~15 in. Deliverable with conventional drip or overhead irrigation.
Field Layout Suitable
Suited to the small-to-mid-size fragmented parcels typical of the region.
Labor Availability
25 labor hr/ac vs catalog 75th percentile 250 hr/ac. Manageable with typical farm labor.
Processing Proximity
1 processor/cooperative buyer on record for this crop, 1 within NY/PA/OH.
Equipment Requirements
planting
Cup-type or pick-type planter that handles seed pieces. Single-row planters available for smaller operations ($2,000-$4,000).
Cuts whole seed potatoes into pieces with at least 2 eyes each. Hand cutting is feasible for small acreages.
cultivation
Used to hill soil around potato stems to prevent greening and increase tuber zone. Multiple passes needed through the season.
spraying
Essential for fungicide and insecticide applications. Potatoes require frequent spray programs (every 5-10 days for late blight management).
harvesting
Single-row diggers ($3,000-$8,000) lift and windrow tubers for hand pickup. Multi-row harvesters ($50,000+) for larger operations.
irrigation
Overhead or drip irrigation. Critical during tuber initiation and bulking (1-2 inches per week). Drip preferred for plasticulture systems.
general
Used model sufficient. Must power planter, sprayer, hiller, and harvester. 50 HP minimum for conventional, 75 HP for larger implements.
post_harvest
For grading tubers by size and removing defects. Can be as simple as a roller table for small operations.
Storage Requirements
Seed potatoes
Temperature
38–40°F
Humidity
90–95%
Max Storage
240 days
Table stock (fresh market)
Temperature
45–50°F
Humidity
90–95%
Max Storage
150 days
Processing stock (chipping/frying)
Temperature
50–55°F
Humidity
95–98%
Max Storage
180 days
Financial Return
Revenue Above Average
Gross revenue $1,190/ac vs catalog median $6,000/ac. Below median.
Input Costs Acceptable
Total input cost $900/ac vs catalog 75th percentile $6,300/ac. Within typical range.
Payback Period OK
Reaches full production in 0 years. Acceptable payback.
Insurance Available
Federal crop insurance or an equivalent risk product is available.
Revenue Per Labor Hour
Net return per labor hour $11.60 ($290/ac over 25 hr/ac) vs catalog median $13.16. Below median.
Grants/Subsidies
Vegetable crops are eligible under the USDA Specialty Crop Block Grant Program.
Economics Breakdown
| Avg Price/Unit | $5/per cwt |
| Gross Revenue/Acre | $1,400 |
| Annual Operating Cost | $900/acre |
| Establishment Cost | $200/acre |
| Total Input Cost | —/acre |
| Net Return/Acre | $500 |
| Revenue/Labor Hour | — |
| Crop Insurance | Available |
Source: Cornell Cooperative Extension, Penn State Extension, USDA RMA, regional budget studies (2025)
Risk Profile
Manageable Pest/Disease
2 of 8 documented risks are high-severity (25%) against a catalog median of 36%. Risk load is manageable by conventional IPM.
Market Diversified
6 viable market channels of 6 documented, plus 1 named buyer. Not dependent on a single outlet.
Low Establishment Risk
0 years to full production. Low establishment exposure.
Climate Resilient
Tolerates zones 3-11 (9 zones). Broad tolerance indicates resilience to seasonal variability.
Regulatory Burden Low
No crop-specific licensing or reporting regime beyond standard food-safety and pesticide rules.
Diversifies Portfolio
Adds a vegetable revenue stream distinct from the region's grape-dominated base.
Known Risks
disease
Destructive oomycete disease causing water-soaked lesions on leaves and tuber rot. Spreads rapidly in cool, humid conditions. Can destroy an entire crop within days if uncontrolled.
Fungal disease causing dark concentric-ring lesions on lower leaves, progressing upward. Reduces photosynthetic area and yield. Favored by warm temperatures, high humidity, and plant stress.
Bacterial disease causing rough, corky lesions on tuber skin. Reduces marketability but not yield. Favored by dry soil conditions and alkaline pH.
pest
Most destructive insect pest of potatoes. Both larvae and adults defoliate plants, potentially causing complete crop loss. Develops insecticide resistance rapidly.
Sap-feeding insects that transmit potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) and potato virus Y (PVY). Even low populations can spread devastating viral diseases throughout seed lots.
Soil-dwelling larvae bore into tubers causing shallow to deep tunnels, reducing marketable yield. Populations build up in sod or pasture ground and persist for multiple years.
weather
Potato foliage is killed by temperatures below 28°F (-2°C). Late spring frosts damage emerging plants, and early fall frosts shorten the growing season and reduce tuber bulking time.
market
Potato prices fluctuate significantly based on regional and national supply. Oversupply years can drive prices below production costs. Storage potatoes face additional market timing risk.
Nutritional Yield
Macronutrients
| Nutrient | Per 100 g | Per acre |
|---|---|---|
| Calories | 77 kcal | 8,958,629 kcal |
| Protein | 2 g | 238,509 g |
| Total fat | 0.1 g | 10,471 g |
| Carbohydrates | 17.5 g | 2,034,889 g |
| Fiber | 2.1 g | 244,326 g |
| Sugar | 0.8 g | 95,404 g |
Key micronutrients
Uncertainty: Per-acre values are estimates that compound the yield range, edible-fraction assumption, and a single representative nutrient panel. Treat them as order-of-magnitude planning numbers, not nutritional advice. Confidence: high.
Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem service data pending.
The next research-agent rotation will document this crop's contributions to pollinator support, soil health, water quality, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration.
Cultivars
Named varieties and what the sources say sets each apart. A cultivar-specific zone, chill or maturity figure overrides the species value above.
No cultivars recorded yet for this crop.
Grows With / Avoid Near
Documented interactions with other catalog crops — shared pests, allelopathy, rotation effects, alley and understory pairings — for companion, guild and rotation planning. Plan a combination with Potatoes →
Avoid near, or plan around (41)
Grows with (21)
Direction matters: a rotation benefit of A before B says nothing about B before A. Interactions are documented pairs only; absence is a research gap, not a clean bill.
Nearby Buyers
Data Sources
Every data point on this page is traceable to its source. Below you'll find the complete provenance trail — which sources were used, when data was last verified, and a full change history.
Primary sources: Data sourced from Cornell Cooperative Extension, Penn State Extension, USDA resources, and regional research.
Economics data year: 2025 · Basis: lake erie
88 tracked changes across 10 data categories
