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Potatoes

Potatoes

Solanum tuberosum GRIN 103137

vegetableannual

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) are a cool-season annual tuber crop well-suited to Zones 3-11, thriving in well-drained acidic soils with consistent moisture. They are a major commercial crop for fresh market, chipping, and seed, with high value but intensive management needs.

24/30

Crop Snowflake Score

Gross Revenue
$1,400

/acre

Net Return
$500

/acre

Price Trend
stable
Establishment Cost
$200

/acre

Crop Insurance
Available
Years to Production
0

years

Overview

Growing Season

Plant
April to early June – April to early June
Harvest
July to October – July to October
Frost-free days
120+
GDD (base 50°F)
1,000

Yield

Typical yield
270 cwt/acre
Productive lifespan
1 years
Labor
100 hrs/acre
96%

Market Fit

4/6

Active Regional Buyers

1 active buyer on record purchasing this crop.

Price Trend Stable/Up

3-year price trend recorded as "declining".

Supply Below Demand

2 of 6 documented channels rate viability "strong". Sold into regional rather than national markets, vegetable supply here generally trails that demand.

Multiple Buyer Channels

6 of 6 documented market channels rate viable or better (wholesale, retail, farmers_market, direct_to_consumer). Multiple independent routes to market.

Value-Added Potential

4 viable direct-market channels (farmers_market, direct_to_consumer, restaurant, csa). Supports value-added and margin capture beyond wholesale.

Market Growth Projected

Mature vegetable market; growth over a 5-year horizon is expected to track population rather than outpace it.

Market Channels

wholesale · Dominant channel globally. Large-scale processors (chips, fries, dehydrated) and fresh-pack shippers contract directly or via brokers. USDA reports wholesale/processing accounts for the majority of US potato volume.
retail · Supermarket chains purchase graded, washed, bagged potatoes from packer-shippers year-round. Stable demand; price sensitive.
farmers_market · Heirloom and specialty varieties (fingerlings, blue, red) command premium at farmers markets. Commodity white potatoes less competitive vs. retail pricing.
direct_to_consumer · Farm stands and seed-potato sales via mail order viable, especially for certified organic or specialty cultivars. Good storage crop supports extended D2C selling.
restaurant · Farm-to-table restaurants source specialty varieties; chain restaurants source commodity potatoes via distributors rather than direct farm.
csa · Reliable CSA staple due to long storage life. Typically one component of a diversified vegetable share.

Climate Fit

6/6

Hardiness Zone Match

Crop tolerates zones 3-11; region spans 5-6. Overlaps.

GDD Sufficient

Crop needs 1000 GDD (base 50F); region accumulates 2500+. Sufficient.

Precipitation Compatible

Crop needs ~15 in; region receives ~38 in/yr. Compatible, irrigation available as supplement.

Frost-Free Season OK

Crop needs 120 frost-free days; region provides ~180. Sufficient.

Chill Hours Met

Not applicable — annual crop has no winter chill requirement.

Climate Trend Favorable

Crop spans 9 hardiness zones (3-11). Wide adaptive range buffers against warming trend.

Fit by region

The farm matcher, run on each region's cited climate normals. Soil and site are not included here; add your own on the match page.

Match your farm
Finger Lakeszone 5b/6a · 2,200 GDD · 145 frost-free days · 38.29" rain

No limiting condition found. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.

Strong fit
100/100
Heat accumulation (GDD base 50F)Frost-free seasonRainfallHigh-severity risksKnown buyers
Lake Erie Concord Grape Beltzone 6a/6b/7a · 2,923 GDD · 185 frost-free days · 41.09" rain

No limiting condition found. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.

Strong fit
100/100
Heat accumulation (GDD base 50F)Frost-free seasonRainfallHigh-severity risksKnown buyers
Chautauqua Uplands (Allegheny Plateau)zone 6a · 2,364 GDD · 158 frost-free days · 45.93" rain

No limiting condition found. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.

Strong fit
100/100
Heat accumulation (GDD base 50F)Frost-free seasonRainfallHigh-severity risksKnown buyers

Climate envelope & site

What the farm matcher compares your conditions against.

Climate envelope

Hardiness zone
n/a
Frost-free season
120+ days
Heat (GDD base 50°F)
1,000+
Winter chill
n/a
Rainfall
19.7–78.7 in/yr

Below the minimum, irrigation is needed; above the maximum the crop fails.

Soil pH target
5.0–6.5

Extension lime target; within 1.0 of it is correctable.

Site & structure

Spring frost at bloom
n/a
Needs cold-air drainage
n/a
Shade tolerance
none — full sun
Mature height
not yet recorded
Rooting depth
not yet recorded
Wind exposure tolerance
not yet recorded
Workable slope
not yet recorded

Height, rooting depth and shade tolerance are the inputs an alley or guild layout needs.

Soil Compatibility

Soil Texture

sandy_loam (ideal)loamy_sand (ideal)loam (suitable)silt_loam (suitable)sand (suitable)sandy_clay_loam (marginal)clay_loam (marginal)silty_clay_loam (marginal)clay (marginal)silty_clay (poor)

Drainage

well_drained (ideal)moderately_well_drained (suitable)somewhat_excessively_drained (suitable)excessively_drained (marginal)somewhat_poorly_drained (marginal)poorly_drained (poor)very_poorly_drained (poor)

Infrastructure Fit

4/6

Equipment Compatible

4 of 8 documented equipment items are crop-specific (50%) against a catalog median of 29%. Above-median share of purpose-built equipment, implying real capital outlay.

Storage Available

3 documented storage routes; all require purpose-built capital (Seed potatoes; Table stock (fresh market); Processing stock (chipping/frying)).

Irrigation Compatible

Requires ~15 in. Deliverable with conventional drip or overhead irrigation.

Field Layout Suitable

Suited to the small-to-mid-size fragmented parcels typical of the region.

Labor Availability

25 labor hr/ac vs catalog 75th percentile 250 hr/ac. Manageable with typical farm labor.

Processing Proximity

1 processor/cooperative buyer on record for this crop, 1 within NY/PA/OH.

Equipment Requirements

planting

Potato Planter (2-4 row)Required Specialized

Cup-type or pick-type planter that handles seed pieces. Single-row planters available for smaller operations ($2,000-$4,000).

$8,000
Seed CutterOptional Specialized

Cuts whole seed potatoes into pieces with at least 2 eyes each. Hand cutting is feasible for small acreages.

$3,000

cultivation

Hiller/CultivatorRequired Specialized

Used to hill soil around potato stems to prevent greening and increase tuber zone. Multiple passes needed through the season.

$2,500

spraying

Boom SprayerRequired

Essential for fungicide and insecticide applications. Potatoes require frequent spray programs (every 5-10 days for late blight management).

$5,000

harvesting

Potato Digger/HarvesterRequired Specialized

Single-row diggers ($3,000-$8,000) lift and windrow tubers for hand pickup. Multi-row harvesters ($50,000+) for larger operations.

$12,000

irrigation

Irrigation SystemOptional

Overhead or drip irrigation. Critical during tuber initiation and bulking (1-2 inches per week). Drip preferred for plasticulture systems.

$4,000

general

Tractor (50-75 HP)Required

Used model sufficient. Must power planter, sprayer, hiller, and harvester. 50 HP minimum for conventional, 75 HP for larger implements.

$25,000

post_harvest

Sorting/Grading TableOptional

For grading tubers by size and removing defects. Can be as simple as a roller table for small operations.

$1,500

Storage Requirements

Seed potatoes

Temperature

38–40°F

Humidity

90–95%

Max Storage

240 days

Table stock (fresh market)

Temperature

45–50°F

Humidity

90–95%

Max Storage

150 days

Processing stock (chipping/frying)

Temperature

50–55°F

Humidity

95–98%

Max Storage

180 days

Financial Return

4/6

Revenue Above Average

Gross revenue $1,190/ac vs catalog median $6,000/ac. Below median.

Input Costs Acceptable

Total input cost $900/ac vs catalog 75th percentile $6,300/ac. Within typical range.

Payback Period OK

Reaches full production in 0 years. Acceptable payback.

Insurance Available

Federal crop insurance or an equivalent risk product is available.

Revenue Per Labor Hour

Net return per labor hour $11.60 ($290/ac over 25 hr/ac) vs catalog median $13.16. Below median.

Grants/Subsidies

Vegetable crops are eligible under the USDA Specialty Crop Block Grant Program.

Economics Breakdown

Avg Price/Unit$5/per cwt
Gross Revenue/Acre$1,400
Annual Operating Cost$900/acre
Establishment Cost$200/acre
Total Input Cost—/acre
Net Return/Acre$500
Revenue/Labor Hour—
Crop Insurance Available

Source: Cornell Cooperative Extension, Penn State Extension, USDA RMA, regional budget studies (2025)

Risk Profile

6/6

Manageable Pest/Disease

2 of 8 documented risks are high-severity (25%) against a catalog median of 36%. Risk load is manageable by conventional IPM.

Market Diversified

6 viable market channels of 6 documented, plus 1 named buyer. Not dependent on a single outlet.

Low Establishment Risk

0 years to full production. Low establishment exposure.

Climate Resilient

Tolerates zones 3-11 (9 zones). Broad tolerance indicates resilience to seasonal variability.

Regulatory Burden Low

No crop-specific licensing or reporting regime beyond standard food-safety and pesticide rules.

Diversifies Portfolio

Adds a vegetable revenue stream distinct from the region's grape-dominated base.

Known Risks

disease

Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans)high

Destructive oomycete disease causing water-soaked lesions on leaves and tuber rot. Spreads rapidly in cool, humid conditions. Can destroy an entire crop within days if uncontrolled.

Early Blight (Alternaria solani)moderate

Fungal disease causing dark concentric-ring lesions on lower leaves, progressing upward. Reduces photosynthetic area and yield. Favored by warm temperatures, high humidity, and plant stress.

Common Scab (Streptomyces scabies)moderate

Bacterial disease causing rough, corky lesions on tuber skin. Reduces marketability but not yield. Favored by dry soil conditions and alkaline pH.

pest

Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)high

Most destructive insect pest of potatoes. Both larvae and adults defoliate plants, potentially causing complete crop loss. Develops insecticide resistance rapidly.

Aphids (Green Peach and Potato Aphid)moderate

Sap-feeding insects that transmit potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) and potato virus Y (PVY). Even low populations can spread devastating viral diseases throughout seed lots.

Wireworms (Elateridae family)moderate

Soil-dwelling larvae bore into tubers causing shallow to deep tunnels, reducing marketable yield. Populations build up in sod or pasture ground and persist for multiple years.

weather

Frost Damagemoderate

Potato foliage is killed by temperatures below 28°F (-2°C). Late spring frosts damage emerging plants, and early fall frosts shorten the growing season and reduce tuber bulking time.

market

Price Volatilitymoderate

Potato prices fluctuate significantly based on regional and national supply. Oversupply years can drive prices below production costs. Storage potatoes face additional market timing risk.

Nutritional Yield

USDA FoodData Central
Profile based on Potatoes, flesh and skin, raw (tuber form)
Edible mass per acre11,635 kg
Computed: 270 cwt × 45.36 kg/unit × 95% edible

Macronutrients

NutrientPer 100 gPer acre
Calories77 kcal8,958,629 kcal
Protein2 g238,509 g
Total fat0.1 g10,471 g
Carbohydrates17.5 g2,034,889 g
Fiber2.1 g244,326 g
Sugar0.8 g95,404 g

Key micronutrients

Iron
0.8 mg /100g
94,240 mg / acre
Calcium
12 mg /100g
1,396,150 mg / acre
Potassium
425 mg /100g
49,446,980 mg / acre
Vitamin C
19.7 mg /100g
2,292,013 mg / acre
Vitamin A
2 IU /100g
232,692 IU / acre
Folate
15 mcg /100g
1,745,188 mcg / acre

Uncertainty: Per-acre values are estimates that compound the yield range, edible-fraction assumption, and a single representative nutrient panel. Treat them as order-of-magnitude planning numbers, not nutritional advice. Confidence: high.

Ecosystem Services

Ecosystem service data pending.

The next research-agent rotation will document this crop's contributions to pollinator support, soil health, water quality, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration.

Cultivars

Named varieties and what the sources say sets each apart. A cultivar-specific zone, chill or maturity figure overrides the species value above.

No cultivars recorded yet for this crop.

Grows With / Avoid Near

Documented interactions with other catalog crops — shared pests, allelopathy, rotation effects, alley and understory pairings — for companion, guild and rotation planning. Plan a combination with Potatoes →

Avoid near, or plan around (41)

Grows with (21)

Direction matters: a rotation benefit of A before B says nothing about B before A. Interactions are documented pairs only; absence is a research gap, not a clean bill.

Nearby Buyers

Radius from Lake Erie Concord Grape Belt:
No registered buyers for this crop within 50 miles.

Data Sources

Every data point on this page is traceable to its source. Below you'll find the complete provenance trail — which sources were used, when data was last verified, and a full change history.

Primary sources: Data sourced from Cornell Cooperative Extension, Penn State Extension, USDA resources, and regional research.

Economics data year: 2025 · Basis: lake erie

88 tracked changes across 10 data categories

Core Crop Data

Oct 1, 20261 entry
Aug 17, 20261 entry
Region-neutral cleanup audit
Apr 16, 20261 entry
Apr 14, 20261 entry

Equipment Requirements

Jan 1, 20258 entries

Risks & Threats

Jan 1, 20258 entries

Drainage Preferences

Apr 21, 20267 entries

Market Channels

Crop Picker

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Your Location

  • Lake Erie Concord Grape Belt
  • NY / PA
  • United States
  • Zone 6a

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Experimental research database. AI-assisted, may contain errors. Not formal agricultural, financial, or planting advice. Verify with your local extension service before making decisions.

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