Annual warm-season vine crop (Cucurbita pepo) suited to Zones 3-11, direct-seeded after soil warms to 60°F. Requires a long frost-free growing season, ample moisture during fruit set, and pollination by honey bees. Yields range from 15,000-30,000+ lbs/acre depending on variety and production system.
Crop Snowflake Score
/acre
/acre
/acre
years
Overview
Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) is a warm-season annual requiring soil temperatures of at least 60°F (at 3-inch depth) for planting. Optimal growing temperatures range from 65-95°F; injury occurs below 50°F and any frost causes damage. Plants are typically seeded in late May to early July depending on target harvest date and growing zone. Plant spacing varies by fruit size: larger varieties (>30 lbs) at 30-40 inches in-row with 10-12 ft between rows (~1,600 plants/acre); smaller varieties (<8 lbs) at 30-40 inches in-row with 8-10 ft between rows (~2,800 plants/acre). Plasticulture (plastic mulch) can double yields compared to bare soil or no-till production. Soil pH should be 5.8-6.6 with good water infiltration and water-holding capacity. Calcium levels should be monitored and supplemented with gypsum if deficient. Fertilizer recommendations in the absence of soil tests are 80-150-150 (N-P-K) broadcast or 40-75-75 banded at planting, with split nitrogen application recommended (half at planting, half at vine run). A constant supply of moisture during the growing season is critical — deficit stress during blossom and fruit set causes flower and fruit drop. One honey bee hive per acre is recommended for adequate pollination. Major pest concerns include cucumber beetles (vector for bacterial wilt), aphids, squash vine borer, seed corn maggot, squash bug, and spider mites. Key diseases include bacterial wilt, powdery mildew, downy mildew, and scab. A scheduled fungicide program is generally needed for optimum yields and fruit color. Pumpkins are hand-harvested at maturity based on color and size, often requiring multiple harvests due to staggered pollination. Cured fruit stores at 50-55°F and 50-70% relative humidity for approximately 2-3 months.
Growing Season
- Plant
- Late May - early June (soil >60F) – Late May - early June (soil >60F)
- Harvest
- September - October – September - October
- Frost-free days
- 120+
- GDD (base 50°F)
- 1,500
Yield
- Typical yield
- 20,000 lb/acre
- Productive lifespan
- 1 years
- Labor
- 85 hrs/acre
Market Fit
Active Regional Buyers
1 active buyer on record purchasing this crop.
Price Trend Stable/Up
3-year price trend recorded as "stable".
Supply Below Demand
3 of 6 documented channels rate viability "strong". Sold into regional rather than national markets, vegetable supply here generally trails that demand.
Multiple Buyer Channels
6 of 6 documented market channels rate viable or better (farmers_market, direct_to_consumer, wholesale, csa). Multiple independent routes to market.
Value-Added Potential
4 viable direct-market channels (farmers_market, direct_to_consumer, csa, restaurant). Supports value-added and margin capture beyond wholesale.
Market Growth Projected
Mature vegetable market; growth over a 5-year horizon is expected to track population rather than outpace it.
Market Channels
Climate Fit
Hardiness Zone Match
Crop tolerates zones 3-11; region spans 5-6. Overlaps.
GDD Sufficient
Crop needs 1500 GDD (base 50F); region accumulates 2500+. Sufficient.
Precipitation Compatible
Crop needs ~20 in; region receives ~38 in/yr. Compatible, irrigation available as supplement.
Frost-Free Season OK
Crop needs 120 frost-free days; region provides ~180. Sufficient.
Chill Hours Met
Not applicable — annual crop has no winter chill requirement.
Climate Trend Favorable
Crop spans 9 hardiness zones (3-11). Wide adaptive range buffers against warming trend.
Fit by region
The farm matcher, run on each region's cited climate normals. Soil and site are not included here; add your own on the match page.
Limited by high-severity risks. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.
Limited by high-severity risks. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.
Limited by high-severity risks. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.
Climate envelope & site
What the farm matcher compares your conditions against.
Climate envelope
- Hardiness zone
- n/a
- Frost-free season
- 120+ days
- Heat (GDD base 50°F)
- 1,500+
- Winter chill
- n/a
- Rainfall
- 23.6–110.2 in/yr
Below the minimum, irrigation is needed; above the maximum the crop fails.
- Soil pH target
- 5.8–6.6
Extension lime target; within 1.0 of it is correctable.
Site & structure
- Spring frost at bloom
- n/a
- Needs cold-air drainage
- n/a
- Shade tolerance
- none — full sun
- Mature height
- not yet recorded
- Rooting depth
- not yet recorded
- Wind exposure tolerance
- not yet recorded
- Workable slope
- not yet recorded
Height, rooting depth and shade tolerance are the inputs an alley or guild layout needs.
Soil Compatibility
Soil Texture
Drainage
Infrastructure Fit
Equipment Compatible
1 of 8 documented equipment items are crop-specific (13%) against a catalog median of 29%. Most needs are met by general row-crop or orchard equipment.
Storage Available
3 documented storage routes; at least one (Curing) is reachable with conventional on-farm or third-party facilities.
Irrigation Compatible
Requires ~20 in. Deliverable with conventional drip or overhead irrigation.
Field Layout Suitable
Suited to the small-to-mid-size fragmented parcels typical of the region.
Labor Availability
20 labor hr/ac vs catalog 75th percentile 250 hr/ac. Manageable with typical farm labor.
Processing Proximity
1 processor/cooperative buyer on record for this crop, 1 within NY/PA/OH.
Equipment Requirements
planting
For tillage, planting, cultivation, and spraying. Capacity depends on acreage.
4-6 row vacuum planter for accurate seed spacing; direct-seeded at 1-2 seeds per hill.
Early-season mechanical cultivation before vines run. Reduces herbicide dependence.
irrigation
Per-acre; optional but improves yield/size consistency in dry seasons. Drip preferred to reduce foliar disease.
spraying
For powdery mildew, downy mildew, and cucumber beetle control. 200-500 gallon tank typical.
harvesting
Flatbed wagons or pallet bins for hand-harvested pumpkins moved from field to packing area.
Only justified for large processing operations (>50 ac). Fresh-market pumpkins are hand-harvested to avoid bruising and preserve stems.
post_harvest
Cures at 80-85°F for 10 days, then holds at 50-55°F and 50-70% RH. Well-ventilated barn is sufficient — no refrigeration needed.
Storage Requirements
Curing
Temperature
80–85°F
Humidity
80–85%
Max Storage
20 days
Long-term dry storage
Temperature
50–55°F
Humidity
50–70%
Max Storage
90 days
Ambient/short-term display
Temperature
60–70°F
Max Storage
30 days
Financial Return
Revenue Above Average
Gross revenue $5,000/ac vs catalog median $6,000/ac. Below median.
Input Costs Acceptable
Total input cost $4,800/ac vs catalog 75th percentile $6,300/ac. Within typical range.
Payback Period OK
Reaches full production in 0 years. Acceptable payback.
Insurance Available
Federal crop insurance or an equivalent risk product is available.
Revenue Per Labor Hour
Net return per labor hour $10.00 ($200/ac over 20 hr/ac) vs catalog median $13.16. Below median.
Grants/Subsidies
Vegetable crops are eligible under the USDA Specialty Crop Block Grant Program.
Economics Breakdown
| Avg Price/Unit | $0/per lb (wholesale est.) |
| Gross Revenue/Acre | $4,000 |
| Annual Operating Cost | $4,800/acre |
| Establishment Cost | $2,000/acre |
| Total Input Cost | $4,800/acre |
| Net Return/Acre | $1,000 |
| Revenue/Labor Hour | $200 |
| Crop Insurance | Not available |
| Subsidies | NAP (fresh-market pumpkins), EQIP |
Source: Cornell Cooperative Extension, Penn State Extension, USDA RMA, regional budget studies (2025)
Risk Profile
Manageable Pest/Disease
6 of 10 documented risks are high-severity (60%) against a catalog median of 36%. Above-median concentration of high-severity risk, demanding intensive management.
Market Diversified
6 viable market channels of 6 documented, plus 1 named buyer. Not dependent on a single outlet.
Low Establishment Risk
0 years to full production at $2,000/ac establishment cost. Low establishment exposure.
Climate Resilient
Tolerates zones 3-11 (9 zones). Broad tolerance indicates resilience to seasonal variability.
Regulatory Burden Low
No crop-specific licensing or reporting regime beyond standard food-safety and pesticide rules.
Diversifies Portfolio
Adds a vegetable revenue stream distinct from the region's grape-dominated base.
Known Risks
disease
Universal late-season cucurbit disease. White powdery colonies on leaves cause premature defoliation, exposing fruit to sunscald and reducing handle quality and sugar accumulation.
Soilborne oomycete causing crown rot, fruit rot, and rapid field collapse in wet seasons. Can render fields unplantable to cucurbits for many years.
Wind-blown spores arrive from southern overwintering sites mid- to late-season. Yellow angular leaf lesions and rapid defoliation; pumpkin is moderately susceptible vs. cucumber.
Vectored exclusively by cucumber beetles. Infected plants wilt suddenly during fruit set; no in-plant cure once symptomatic. Single beetle feeding can cause infection.
pest
Primary insect pest of cucurbits. Direct feeding damage on seedlings plus vector role for bacterial wilt makes it a dual threat. Threshold of 1 beetle per plant on seedlings.
Adults and nymphs feed on vines and fruit causing wilt-like symptoms; fruit feeding produces sunken scars that downgrade jack-o-lantern and pie-pumpkin quality.
Larvae tunnel inside vines causing localized wilt and plant death. Pumpkin is somewhat tolerant due to vining habit (rooting at nodes), but heavy pressure can be devastating.
weather
Cucurbits are highly frost-sensitive. Late spring frost kills seedlings; early fall frost can damage immature fruit, shortening the marketing window.
Pumpkin fruit size is determined by water availability during bulking (3-5 weeks post-set). Drought stress produces small fruit that miss the premium jack-o-lantern size class.
market
Jack-o-lantern pumpkin demand is concentrated in a 3-4 week selling window before Halloween. Wet/cold weekends suppress retail and U-pick traffic; oversupply in glut years collapses farmgate price.
Nutritional Yield
Macronutrients
| Nutrient | Per 100 g | Per acre |
|---|---|---|
| Calories | 26 kcal | 1,651,104 kcal |
| Protein | 1 g | 63,504 g |
| Total fat | 0.1 g | 6,350 g |
| Carbohydrates | 6.5 g | 412,776 g |
| Fiber | 0.5 g | 31,752 g |
| Sugar | 2.8 g | 175,271 g |
Key micronutrients
Uncertainty: Per-acre values are estimates that compound the yield range, edible-fraction assumption, and a single representative nutrient panel. Treat them as order-of-magnitude planning numbers, not nutritional advice. Confidence: high.
Ecosystem Services
Pollinator support
- Obligate host for specialist squash beeshigh
Squash bees (Peponapis/Eucera pruinosa) rely entirely on Cucurbita blossoms for all the pollen they feed their offspring. A pumpkin field is not merely visited by this bee — it is the sole larval food source, so the crop directly sustains a specialist pollinator population.
Applies when: Ground-nesting: benefit requires avoiding deep tillage of nest sites and avoiding insecticide application during morning bloom.Evidence: Extension guidance·Confidence: high
Biodiversity
- Supports pollination without managed hivesmoderate
USDA Forest Service notes a field with a healthy squash bee population can be completely pollinated with no introduction of honeybees, reducing dependence on managed hives and the disease pressure that accompanies them.
Applies when: Requires resident nesting habitat in or adjacent to the field.Evidence: Extension guidance·Confidence: high
Soil health
- Broad-leaf canopy ground covermoderate
Vining habit and large leaves cover the soil surface through the second half of the season, moderating soil temperature and reducing raindrop impact on bare ground between rows.
Evidence: Extension guidance·Confidence: medium
Cultivars
Named varieties and what the sources say sets each apart. A cultivar-specific zone, chill or maturity figure overrides the species value above.
No cultivars recorded yet for this crop.
Grows With / Avoid Near
Documented interactions with other catalog crops — shared pests, allelopathy, rotation effects, alley and understory pairings — for companion, guild and rotation planning. Plan a combination with Pumpkin →
Avoid near, or plan around (37)
Grows with (8)
Tolerates (1)
Direction matters: a rotation benefit of A before B says nothing about B before A. Interactions are documented pairs only; absence is a research gap, not a clean bill.
Nearby Buyers
Eden Valley Growers
Eden, NY · 30.0 mi
Data Sources
Every data point on this page is traceable to its source. Below you'll find the complete provenance trail — which sources were used, when data was last verified, and a full change history.
Primary sources: Penn State Extension (Pumpkin Production), UMN Extension (Growing Pumpkins and Winter Squash), Cornell NRAES Pumpkin Production Guide.
Economics data year: 2025 · Basis: lake erie View economics source →
65 tracked changes across 9 data categories
