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Pumpkin

Pumpkin

Cucurbita pepo GRIN 12606

vegetableannual

Annual warm-season vine crop (Cucurbita pepo) suited to Zones 3-11, direct-seeded after soil warms to 60°F. Requires a long frost-free growing season, ample moisture during fruit set, and pollination by honey bees. Yields range from 15,000-30,000+ lbs/acre depending on variety and production system.

26/30

Crop Snowflake Score

Gross Revenue
$4,000

/acre

Net Return
$1,000

/acre

Price Trend
stable
Establishment Cost
$2,000

/acre

Crop Insurance
None
Years to Production
0

years

Overview

Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) is a warm-season annual requiring soil temperatures of at least 60°F (at 3-inch depth) for planting. Optimal growing temperatures range from 65-95°F; injury occurs below 50°F and any frost causes damage. Plants are typically seeded in late May to early July depending on target harvest date and growing zone. Plant spacing varies by fruit size: larger varieties (>30 lbs) at 30-40 inches in-row with 10-12 ft between rows (~1,600 plants/acre); smaller varieties (<8 lbs) at 30-40 inches in-row with 8-10 ft between rows (~2,800 plants/acre). Plasticulture (plastic mulch) can double yields compared to bare soil or no-till production. Soil pH should be 5.8-6.6 with good water infiltration and water-holding capacity. Calcium levels should be monitored and supplemented with gypsum if deficient. Fertilizer recommendations in the absence of soil tests are 80-150-150 (N-P-K) broadcast or 40-75-75 banded at planting, with split nitrogen application recommended (half at planting, half at vine run). A constant supply of moisture during the growing season is critical — deficit stress during blossom and fruit set causes flower and fruit drop. One honey bee hive per acre is recommended for adequate pollination. Major pest concerns include cucumber beetles (vector for bacterial wilt), aphids, squash vine borer, seed corn maggot, squash bug, and spider mites. Key diseases include bacterial wilt, powdery mildew, downy mildew, and scab. A scheduled fungicide program is generally needed for optimum yields and fruit color. Pumpkins are hand-harvested at maturity based on color and size, often requiring multiple harvests due to staggered pollination. Cured fruit stores at 50-55°F and 50-70% relative humidity for approximately 2-3 months.

Growing Season

Plant
Late May - early June (soil >60F) – Late May - early June (soil >60F)
Harvest
September - October – September - October
Frost-free days
120+
GDD (base 50°F)
1,500

Yield

Typical yield
20,000 lb/acre
Productive lifespan
1 years
Labor
85 hrs/acre
100%

Market Fit

5/6

Active Regional Buyers

1 active buyer on record purchasing this crop.

Price Trend Stable/Up

3-year price trend recorded as "stable".

Supply Below Demand

3 of 6 documented channels rate viability "strong". Sold into regional rather than national markets, vegetable supply here generally trails that demand.

Multiple Buyer Channels

6 of 6 documented market channels rate viable or better (farmers_market, direct_to_consumer, wholesale, csa). Multiple independent routes to market.

Value-Added Potential

4 viable direct-market channels (farmers_market, direct_to_consumer, csa, restaurant). Supports value-added and margin capture beyond wholesale.

Market Growth Projected

Mature vegetable market; growth over a 5-year horizon is expected to track population rather than outpace it.

Market Channels

farmers_market · Strong autumn demand for both ornamental jack-o-lantern types and culinary pie pumpkins. Display volume drives impulse sales. Carving-size and miniature decorative varieties broaden the price ladder.
direct_to_consumer · U-pick patches and agritourism (corn mazes, hayrides) compound revenue beyond the fruit price itself. Field-as-display reduces handling labor. Holiday-season window is short but high-margin.
wholesale · Commodity-grade pumpkins move through regional packers for retail and processor channels. Processing pumpkins for canning operate on contract pricing. Volume requirements and seasonal compression of the fall window favor larger growers.
csa · Standard fall share component, often as a single sugar pumpkin per share. Storage tolerance permits inclusion across multiple late-season distributions.
retail · Chain and independent grocers stock heavy autumn displays. Cured, well-handled fruit with intact stems hold display quality 2–4 weeks. Bin-pack pricing favors uniform sizing.
restaurant · Pie pumpkins and roasting varieties drive seasonal menu items. Standing weekly orders during October–November are typical. Outside the fall window, demand drops sharply.

Climate Fit

6/6

Hardiness Zone Match

Crop tolerates zones 3-11; region spans 5-6. Overlaps.

GDD Sufficient

Crop needs 1500 GDD (base 50F); region accumulates 2500+. Sufficient.

Precipitation Compatible

Crop needs ~20 in; region receives ~38 in/yr. Compatible, irrigation available as supplement.

Frost-Free Season OK

Crop needs 120 frost-free days; region provides ~180. Sufficient.

Chill Hours Met

Not applicable — annual crop has no winter chill requirement.

Climate Trend Favorable

Crop spans 9 hardiness zones (3-11). Wide adaptive range buffers against warming trend.

Fit by region

The farm matcher, run on each region's cited climate normals. Soil and site are not included here; add your own on the match page.

Match your farm
Finger Lakeszone 5b/6a · 2,200 GDD · 145 frost-free days · 38.29" rain

Limited by high-severity risks. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.

Strong fit
89/100
Heat accumulation (GDD base 50F)Frost-free seasonRainfallHigh-severity risksKnown buyers
Lake Erie Concord Grape Beltzone 6a/6b/7a · 2,923 GDD · 185 frost-free days · 41.09" rain

Limited by high-severity risks. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.

Strong fit
89/100
Heat accumulation (GDD base 50F)Frost-free seasonRainfallHigh-severity risksKnown buyers
Chautauqua Uplands (Allegheny Plateau)zone 6a · 2,364 GDD · 158 frost-free days · 45.93" rain

Limited by high-severity risks. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.

Strong fit
89/100
Heat accumulation (GDD base 50F)Frost-free seasonRainfallHigh-severity risksKnown buyers

Climate envelope & site

What the farm matcher compares your conditions against.

Climate envelope

Hardiness zone
n/a
Frost-free season
120+ days
Heat (GDD base 50°F)
1,500+
Winter chill
n/a
Rainfall
23.6–110.2 in/yr

Below the minimum, irrigation is needed; above the maximum the crop fails.

Soil pH target
5.8–6.6

Extension lime target; within 1.0 of it is correctable.

Site & structure

Spring frost at bloom
n/a
Needs cold-air drainage
n/a
Shade tolerance
none — full sun
Mature height
not yet recorded
Rooting depth
not yet recorded
Wind exposure tolerance
not yet recorded
Workable slope
not yet recorded

Height, rooting depth and shade tolerance are the inputs an alley or guild layout needs.

Soil Compatibility

Soil Texture

loam (ideal)sandy_loam (ideal)silt_loam (ideal)clay_loam (suitable)loamy_sand (suitable)sandy_clay_loam (marginal)silty_clay_loam (marginal)sand (marginal)clay (poor)silty_clay (poor)

Drainage

well_drained (ideal)moderately_well_drained (suitable)somewhat_excessively_drained (suitable)excessively_drained (marginal)somewhat_poorly_drained (marginal)poorly_drained (poor)very_poorly_drained (poor)

Infrastructure Fit

6/6

Equipment Compatible

1 of 8 documented equipment items are crop-specific (13%) against a catalog median of 29%. Most needs are met by general row-crop or orchard equipment.

Storage Available

3 documented storage routes; at least one (Curing) is reachable with conventional on-farm or third-party facilities.

Irrigation Compatible

Requires ~20 in. Deliverable with conventional drip or overhead irrigation.

Field Layout Suitable

Suited to the small-to-mid-size fragmented parcels typical of the region.

Labor Availability

20 labor hr/ac vs catalog 75th percentile 250 hr/ac. Manageable with typical farm labor.

Processing Proximity

1 processor/cooperative buyer on record for this crop, 1 within NY/PA/OH.

Equipment Requirements

planting

Utility Tractor (40-80 HP)Required

For tillage, planting, cultivation, and spraying. Capacity depends on acreage.

$32,000
Vacuum Precision PlanterRequired

4-6 row vacuum planter for accurate seed spacing; direct-seeded at 1-2 seeds per hill.

$18,000
Row-Crop CultivatorOptional

Early-season mechanical cultivation before vines run. Reduces herbicide dependence.

$6,000

irrigation

Drip or Overhead IrrigationOptional

Per-acre; optional but improves yield/size consistency in dry seasons. Drip preferred to reduce foliar disease.

$1,000

spraying

Boom Sprayer (tractor-mounted)Required

For powdery mildew, downy mildew, and cucumber beetle control. 200-500 gallon tank typical.

$6,000

harvesting

Harvest Wagons & BinsRequired

Flatbed wagons or pallet bins for hand-harvested pumpkins moved from field to packing area.

$5,000
Mechanical Pumpkin HarvesterOptional Specialized

Only justified for large processing operations (>50 ac). Fresh-market pumpkins are hand-harvested to avoid bruising and preserve stems.

$85,000

post_harvest

Ventilated Curing/Storage BarnRequired

Cures at 80-85°F for 10 days, then holds at 50-55°F and 50-70% RH. Well-ventilated barn is sufficient — no refrigeration needed.

$8,000

Storage Requirements

Curing

Temperature

80–85°F

Humidity

80–85%

Max Storage

20 days

Long-term dry storage

Temperature

50–55°F

Humidity

50–70%

Max Storage

90 days

Ambient/short-term display

Temperature

60–70°F

Max Storage

30 days

Financial Return

4/6

Revenue Above Average

Gross revenue $5,000/ac vs catalog median $6,000/ac. Below median.

Input Costs Acceptable

Total input cost $4,800/ac vs catalog 75th percentile $6,300/ac. Within typical range.

Payback Period OK

Reaches full production in 0 years. Acceptable payback.

Insurance Available

Federal crop insurance or an equivalent risk product is available.

Revenue Per Labor Hour

Net return per labor hour $10.00 ($200/ac over 20 hr/ac) vs catalog median $13.16. Below median.

Grants/Subsidies

Vegetable crops are eligible under the USDA Specialty Crop Block Grant Program.

Economics Breakdown

Avg Price/Unit$0/per lb (wholesale est.)
Gross Revenue/Acre$4,000
Annual Operating Cost$4,800/acre
Establishment Cost$2,000/acre
Total Input Cost$4,800/acre
Net Return/Acre$1,000
Revenue/Labor Hour$200
Crop Insurance Not available
SubsidiesNAP (fresh-market pumpkins), EQIP

Source: Cornell Cooperative Extension, Penn State Extension, USDA RMA, regional budget studies (2025)

Risk Profile

5/6

Manageable Pest/Disease

6 of 10 documented risks are high-severity (60%) against a catalog median of 36%. Above-median concentration of high-severity risk, demanding intensive management.

Market Diversified

6 viable market channels of 6 documented, plus 1 named buyer. Not dependent on a single outlet.

Low Establishment Risk

0 years to full production at $2,000/ac establishment cost. Low establishment exposure.

Climate Resilient

Tolerates zones 3-11 (9 zones). Broad tolerance indicates resilience to seasonal variability.

Regulatory Burden Low

No crop-specific licensing or reporting regime beyond standard food-safety and pesticide rules.

Diversifies Portfolio

Adds a vegetable revenue stream distinct from the region's grape-dominated base.

Known Risks

disease

Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera xanthii)high

Universal late-season cucurbit disease. White powdery colonies on leaves cause premature defoliation, exposing fruit to sunscald and reducing handle quality and sugar accumulation.

Phytophthora Blight (Phytophthora capsici)high

Soilborne oomycete causing crown rot, fruit rot, and rapid field collapse in wet seasons. Can render fields unplantable to cucurbits for many years.

Downy Mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)moderate

Wind-blown spores arrive from southern overwintering sites mid- to late-season. Yellow angular leaf lesions and rapid defoliation; pumpkin is moderately susceptible vs. cucumber.

Bacterial Wilt (Erwinia tracheiphila)high

Vectored exclusively by cucumber beetles. Infected plants wilt suddenly during fruit set; no in-plant cure once symptomatic. Single beetle feeding can cause infection.

pest

Striped Cucumber Beetle (Acalymma vittatum)high

Primary insect pest of cucurbits. Direct feeding damage on seedlings plus vector role for bacterial wilt makes it a dual threat. Threshold of 1 beetle per plant on seedlings.

Squash Bug (Anasa tristis)moderate

Adults and nymphs feed on vines and fruit causing wilt-like symptoms; fruit feeding produces sunken scars that downgrade jack-o-lantern and pie-pumpkin quality.

Squash Vine Borer (Melittia cucurbitae)moderate

Larvae tunnel inside vines causing localized wilt and plant death. Pumpkin is somewhat tolerant due to vining habit (rooting at nodes), but heavy pressure can be devastating.

weather

Frost Damage at Bloom or Fruit Sethigh

Cucurbits are highly frost-sensitive. Late spring frost kills seedlings; early fall frost can damage immature fruit, shortening the marketing window.

Drought Stress During Fruit Sizingmoderate

Pumpkin fruit size is determined by water availability during bulking (3-5 weeks post-set). Drought stress produces small fruit that miss the premium jack-o-lantern size class.

market

Halloween Window Saturation & Weather-Driven Demand Collapsehigh

Jack-o-lantern pumpkin demand is concentrated in a 3-4 week selling window before Halloween. Wet/cold weekends suppress retail and U-pick traffic; oversupply in glut years collapses farmgate price.

Nutritional Yield

USDA FoodData Central
Profile based on Pumpkin, raw (fruit form)
Edible mass per acre6,350 kg
Computed: 20,000 lb/acre × 0.45 kg/unit × 70% edible

Macronutrients

NutrientPer 100 gPer acre
Calories26 kcal1,651,104 kcal
Protein1 g63,504 g
Total fat0.1 g6,350 g
Carbohydrates6.5 g412,776 g
Fiber0.5 g31,752 g
Sugar2.8 g175,271 g

Key micronutrients

Iron
0.8 mg /100g
50,803 mg / acre
Calcium
21 mg /100g
1,333,584 mg / acre
Potassium
340 mg /100g
21,591,360 mg / acre
Vitamin C
9 mg /100g
571,536 mg / acre
Vitamin A
8,513 IU /100g
540,609,552 IU / acre
Folate
16 mcg /100g
1,016,064 mcg / acre

Uncertainty: Per-acre values are estimates that compound the yield range, edible-fraction assumption, and a single representative nutrient panel. Treat them as order-of-magnitude planning numbers, not nutritional advice. Confidence: high.

Ecosystem Services

Pollinator support

  • Obligate host for specialist squash bees
    high

    Squash bees (Peponapis/Eucera pruinosa) rely entirely on Cucurbita blossoms for all the pollen they feed their offspring. A pumpkin field is not merely visited by this bee — it is the sole larval food source, so the crop directly sustains a specialist pollinator population.

    Applies when: Ground-nesting: benefit requires avoiding deep tillage of nest sites and avoiding insecticide application during morning bloom.
    Evidence: Extension guidance·Confidence: high

Biodiversity

  • Supports pollination without managed hives
    moderate

    USDA Forest Service notes a field with a healthy squash bee population can be completely pollinated with no introduction of honeybees, reducing dependence on managed hives and the disease pressure that accompanies them.

    Applies when: Requires resident nesting habitat in or adjacent to the field.
    Evidence: Extension guidance·Confidence: high

Soil health

  • Broad-leaf canopy ground cover
    moderate

    Vining habit and large leaves cover the soil surface through the second half of the season, moderating soil temperature and reducing raindrop impact on bare ground between rows.

    Evidence: Extension guidance·Confidence: medium

Cultivars

Named varieties and what the sources say sets each apart. A cultivar-specific zone, chill or maturity figure overrides the species value above.

No cultivars recorded yet for this crop.

Grows With / Avoid Near

Documented interactions with other catalog crops — shared pests, allelopathy, rotation effects, alley and understory pairings — for companion, guild and rotation planning. Plan a combination with Pumpkin →

Avoid near, or plan around (37)

Grows with (8)

Tolerates (1)

Direction matters: a rotation benefit of A before B says nothing about B before A. Interactions are documented pairs only; absence is a research gap, not a clean bill.

Nearby Buyers

Radius from Lake Erie Concord Grape Belt:

Eden Valley Growers

Eden, NY · 30.0 mi

cooperative
Accepts contracts

Data Sources

Every data point on this page is traceable to its source. Below you'll find the complete provenance trail — which sources were used, when data was last verified, and a full change history.

Primary sources: Penn State Extension (Pumpkin Production), UMN Extension (Growing Pumpkins and Winter Squash), Cornell NRAES Pumpkin Production Guide.

Economics data year: 2025 · Basis: lake erie View economics source →

65 tracked changes across 9 data categories

Market Channels

Drainage Preferences

Equipment Requirements

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Your Location

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  • NY / PA
  • United States
  • Zone 6a

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Experimental research database. AI-assisted, may contain errors. Not formal agricultural, financial, or planting advice. Verify with your local extension service before making decisions.

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