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Winter Squash

Winter Squash

Cucurbita maxima, C. moschata, C. pepo

vegetableannual

Winter squash (various Cucurbita spp.) is a warm-season annual vegetable suited to Zones 3-9, requiring warm soils and full sun. Common types include butternut, buttercup, acorn, and delicata. Excellent storage crop with 2-6 month post-harvest shelf life depending on cultivar.

26/30

Crop Snowflake Score

Gross Revenue
$5,640

/acre

Net Return
$4,147

/acre

Price Trend
stable
Establishment Cost
—

/acre

Crop Insurance
Available
Years to Production
0

years

Overview

Winter squash encompasses multiple Cucurbita species and dozens of cultivars. Common types include butternut (C. moschata, 90-110 days), acorn (C. pepo, 80-100 days), buttercup/kabocha (C. maxima, 95-110 days), and delicata (C. pepo, 80-100 days). Plant after last frost when soil temperature reaches 60°F minimum. Typical spacing is 4-6 feet within rows, 6-10 feet between rows for vining types. Fertility needs are moderate: 80-120 lbs N/acre, with side-dressing at vine run. Key pests include squash vine borer, squash bug, cucumber beetle, and powdery mildew. Harvest when rinds are hard, ground spot turns cream-to-orange, and stems begin to dry. Proper curing improves storage life to 2-6 months depending on cultivar. Butternut stores longest (up to 6 months); acorn stores 1-2 months.

Growing Season

Plant
late May - early June – late May - early June
Harvest
late Sep - early Oct – late Sep - early Oct
Frost-free days
100+
GDD (base 50°F)
2,000 – 2,500

Yield

Typical yield
150 cwt/acre
Productive lifespan
1 years
Labor
120 hrs/acre
100%

Market Fit

5/6

Active Regional Buyers

1 active buyer on record purchasing this crop.

Price Trend Stable/Up

3-year price trend recorded as "stable".

Supply Below Demand

2 of 6 documented channels rate viability "strong". Sold into regional rather than national markets, vegetable supply here generally trails that demand.

Multiple Buyer Channels

6 of 6 documented market channels rate viable or better (farmers_market, direct_to_consumer, wholesale, csa). Multiple independent routes to market.

Value-Added Potential

4 viable direct-market channels (farmers_market, direct_to_consumer, csa, restaurant). Supports value-added and margin capture beyond wholesale.

Market Growth Projected

Mature vegetable market; growth over a 5-year horizon is expected to track population rather than outpace it.

Market Channels

farmers_market · Wide variety palette (butternut, acorn, kabocha, delicata, spaghetti, hubbard) drives display variety and repeat purchases. Multi-month storage allows continued market presence well past harvest.
direct_to_consumer · Farm stand displays through fall and early winter; storage tolerance supports steady cash flow well after the field is cleared. Holiday gift packs and CSA add-ons broaden the channel.
wholesale · Commodity butternut and acorn move through regional packers; kabocha and specialty varieties command premium at upmarket distributors. Cured, properly stored fruit moves at higher prices in late winter when inventory is thin.
csa · Reliable late-season and winter-share component. One squash per share extends shares into November–December without field harvest. Variety rotation across deliveries maintains member interest.
retail · Independent grocers and co-ops absorb local product during the fall–winter display window. Chain retail prefers consistent size and grade, favoring single-variety wholesale shippers over diversified growers.
restaurant · Specialty varieties (kabocha, delicata, red kuri) command standing chef accounts during fall and winter menus. Storage tolerance smooths weekly delivery commitments through the winter.

Climate Fit

6/6

Hardiness Zone Match

Crop tolerates zones 3-9; region spans 5-6. Overlaps.

GDD Sufficient

Crop needs 2000 GDD (base 50F); region accumulates 2500+. Sufficient.

Precipitation Compatible

Crop needs ~20 in; region receives ~38 in/yr. Compatible, irrigation available as supplement.

Frost-Free Season OK

Crop needs 100 frost-free days; region provides ~180. Sufficient.

Chill Hours Met

Not applicable — annual crop has no winter chill requirement.

Climate Trend Favorable

Crop spans 7 hardiness zones (3-9). Wide adaptive range buffers against warming trend.

Fit by region

The farm matcher, run on each region's cited climate normals. Soil and site are not included here; add your own on the match page.

Match your farm
Finger Lakeszone 5b/6a · 2,200 GDD · 145 frost-free days · 38.29" rain

Limited by high-severity risks. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.

Strong fit
94/100
Heat accumulation (GDD base 50F)Frost-free seasonRainfallHigh-severity risksKnown buyers
Lake Erie Concord Grape Beltzone 6a/6b/7a · 2,923 GDD · 185 frost-free days · 41.09" rain

Limited by high-severity risks. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.

Strong fit
94/100
Heat accumulation (GDD base 50F)Frost-free seasonRainfallHigh-severity risksKnown buyers
Chautauqua Uplands (Allegheny Plateau)zone 6a · 2,364 GDD · 158 frost-free days · 45.93" rain

Limited by high-severity risks. 5 criteria evaluated; 80% cited.

Strong fit
94/100
Heat accumulation (GDD base 50F)Frost-free seasonRainfallHigh-severity risksKnown buyers

Climate envelope & site

What the farm matcher compares your conditions against.

Climate envelope

Hardiness zone
n/a
Frost-free season
100+ days
Heat (GDD base 50°F)
2,000+
Winter chill
n/a
Rainfall
23.6–106.3 in/yr

Below the minimum, irrigation is needed; above the maximum the crop fails.

Soil pH target
6.0–6.8

Extension lime target; within 1.0 of it is correctable.

Site & structure

Spring frost at bloom
n/a
Needs cold-air drainage
n/a
Shade tolerance
none — full sun
Mature height
not yet recorded
Rooting depth
not yet recorded
Wind exposure tolerance
not yet recorded
Workable slope
not yet recorded

Height, rooting depth and shade tolerance are the inputs an alley or guild layout needs.

Soil Compatibility

Soil Texture

loam (ideal)silt_loam (ideal)clay_loam (ideal)sandy_loam (suitable)silty_clay_loam (suitable)loamy_sand (marginal)sand (marginal)clay (marginal)sandy_clay_loam (marginal)silty_clay (poor)

Drainage

well_drained (ideal)moderately_well_drained (ideal)somewhat_excessively_drained (suitable)somewhat_poorly_drained (marginal)excessively_drained (marginal)poorly_drained (marginal)very_poorly_drained (marginal)

Infrastructure Fit

5/6

Equipment Compatible

5 of 13 documented equipment items are crop-specific (38%) against a catalog median of 29%. Above-median share of purpose-built equipment, implying real capital outlay.

Storage Available

4 documented storage routes; at least one (Curing) is reachable with conventional on-farm or third-party facilities.

Irrigation Compatible

Requires ~20 in. Deliverable with conventional drip or overhead irrigation.

Field Layout Suitable

Suited to the small-to-mid-size fragmented parcels typical of the region.

Labor Availability

60 labor hr/ac vs catalog 75th percentile 250 hr/ac. Manageable with typical farm labor.

Processing Proximity

1 processor/cooperative buyer on record for this crop, 1 within NY/PA/OH.

Equipment Requirements

planting

Utility Tractor (40-70 HP)Required

Sized to pull bed shapers, sprayers, and harvest wagons. Most winter squash acreage is on flat mineral soils; 4WD useful in wet harvest conditions.

$35,000
Bed Shaper / Plastic Mulch LayerOptional Specialized

For plasticulture production, which accelerates soil warm-up and suppresses weeds. Optional but standard in commercial operations on cool soils.

$6,500
Precision Seeder (vacuum or plate)Required Specialized

Direct seeding is standard for winter squash. Vacuum seeders (e.g., Monosem, Jang) achieve consistent 2-4 ft in-row spacing.

$7,500
Transplanter (mechanical, 1-2 row)Optional Specialized

Transplanting is less common but used for short-season cultivars in colder zones to extend the growing window.

$4,500

irrigation

Drip Irrigation System (per acre)Required

Drip preferred over overhead to minimize foliar disease pressure (powdery mildew, Phytophthora). One to two drip lines per bed.

$1,200

spraying

Boom Sprayer (200+ gal)Required

3-point or pull-type boom sprayer with 20-30 ft boom for fungicide and insecticide applications. Drop nozzles improve coverage under the canopy.

$12,000

cultivation

Row Cultivator (sweeps, rolling cultivator)Required

For early-season weed control before vines run. Steerage or GPS-guided cultivators improve precision near row.

$5,000
Row Cover (floating, per acre)Optional Specialized

Agribon AG-19 or similar covers seedlings through early flowering to exclude cucumber beetles (bacterial wilt vectors). Must be removed at female bloom for pollination.

$500

harvesting

Harvest Wagons / Flatbed TrailersRequired

Flatbed wagons for hand harvest crews to walk behind. Gondola-style high-sided wagons preferred for cultivars harvested with cut stems up.

$3,500
Harvest Bins / Pallet BinsRequired

Per-bin cost. Heavy-duty bins for 1000+ lb fruit loads. Smaller operations pack into reusable plastic totes for direct markets.

$120
Pruning Shears / Harvest KnivesRequired

Stems must be cleanly cut (not broken) and left 1-2 inches long for storage quality. Pruning shears reduce fruit injury versus knives.

$50

post_harvest

Curing Room (80°F, 80% RH, 10 days)Required Specialized

Greenhouse, high-tunnel, or dedicated heated space. Curing heals harvest wounds, hardens skin, and extends storage 2-3x. Critical quality step.

$6,000
Dry Storage (50-55°F, 50-70% RH)Required

Cool, dry ventilated storage. Butternut holds 3-6 months at these conditions; acorn stores only 1-2 months. Avoid below 50°F (chilling injury).

$4,000

Storage Requirements

Curing

Temperature

80–85°F

Humidity

80–85%

Max Storage

14 days

Long-term dry storage

Temperature

50–55°F

Humidity

50–70%

Max Storage

180 days

Short-term dry storage (Acorn)

Temperature

50–55°F

Humidity

50–70%

Max Storage

60 days

Frozen (processing, cooked)

Temperature

-10–0°F

Max Storage

365 days

Financial Return

5/6

Revenue Above Average

Gross revenue $5,640/ac vs catalog median $6,000/ac. Below median.

Input Costs Acceptable

Annual operating cost $1,493/ac vs catalog 75th percentile $6,300/ac. Within typical range.

Payback Period OK

Reaches full production in 0 years. Acceptable payback.

Insurance Available

Federal crop insurance or an equivalent risk product is available.

Revenue Per Labor Hour

Net return per labor hour $69.12 ($4,147/ac over 60 hr/ac) vs catalog median $13.16. Above median.

Grants/Subsidies

Vegetable crops are eligible under the USDA Specialty Crop Block Grant Program.

Economics Breakdown

Avg Price/Unit$38/per cwt
Gross Revenue/Acre$5,640
Annual Operating Cost$1,493/acre
Establishment Cost—/acre
Total Input Cost—/acre
Net Return/Acre$4,147
Revenue/Labor Hour—
Crop Insurance Available

Source: Penn State Extension Winter Squash Budget, USDA NASS Vegetables 2024 Summary (2025)

Risk Profile

5/6

Manageable Pest/Disease

5 of 10 documented risks are high-severity (50%) against a catalog median of 36%. Above-median concentration of high-severity risk, demanding intensive management.

Market Diversified

6 viable market channels of 6 documented, plus 1 named buyer. Not dependent on a single outlet.

Low Establishment Risk

0 years to full production. Low establishment exposure.

Climate Resilient

Tolerates zones 3-9 (7 zones). Broad tolerance indicates resilience to seasonal variability.

Regulatory Burden Low

No crop-specific licensing or reporting regime beyond standard food-safety and pesticide rules.

Diversifies Portfolio

Adds a vegetable revenue stream distinct from the region's grape-dominated base.

Known Risks

disease

Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera xanthii)high

Most economically damaging winter squash disease. White fungal growth on leaves reduces photosynthesis, accelerates senescence, and reduces fruit sugars, size, and storage quality.

Phytophthora Fruit Rot (Phytophthora capsici)high

Soilborne oomycete causing water-soaked lesions with white mold on fruit in contact with wet soil; entire fields can be lost in saturated conditions. Survives in soil for years.

Bacterial Wilt (Erwinia tracheiphila)moderate

Bacterial disease transmitted by striped and spotted cucumber beetles. Causes sudden wilting of vines that progresses to plant death. No curative treatment once infected.

Downy Mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)moderate

Oomycete disease arriving annually via windborne sporangia. Causes angular yellow lesions on leaf tops with grey-purple sporulation on undersides. Winter squash less susceptible than cucumbers but economic losses still possible.

pest

Squash Vine Borer (Melittia cucurbitae)high

Clearwing moth larvae bore into vine stems near the crown, causing sudden wilting and plant death. Cucurbita pepo and C. maxima most susceptible; C. moschata (butternut) largely resistant.

Squash Bug (Anasa tristis)high

Piercing-sucking insect that causes wilting and death of mature plants through feeding and associated Cucurbit Yellow Vine Decline bacterium transmission. Eggs laid in clusters on leaf undersides.

Striped and Spotted Cucumber Beetles (Acalymma vittatum / Diabrotica undecimpunctata)high

Primary vectors of bacterial wilt. Adults feed on cotyledons and blossoms; larvae feed on roots. A few beetles per plant at cotyledon stage can transmit lethal infections.

weather

Fall Frost at Harvestmoderate

Fruit exposed to temperatures below 0°C (32°F) before harvest suffer chilling injury that dramatically reduces storage life, causing rots in storage within weeks.

Wet-Harvest Field Rotmoderate

Persistent wet weather at harvest window causes Fusarium fruit rot, black rot, and soft rots to develop on field-ripe fruit. Storage losses can exceed 30% when rotted fruit is inadvertently packed.

market

Short Seasonal Demand Windowmoderate

Fresh winter squash demand concentrates October-December. Butternut has steadiest year-round demand; novelty types (kabocha, delicata) sell at higher margins but to narrower channels.

Nutritional Yield

USDA FoodData Central
Profile based on Squash, winter, all varieties, raw (fruit form)
Edible mass per acre4,763 kg
Computed: 150 cwt × 45.36 kg/unit × 70% edible

Macronutrients

NutrientPer 100 gPer acre
Calories34 kcal1,619,323 kcal
Protein0.9 g45,246 g
Total fat0.1 g6,192 g
Carbohydrates8.6 g409,117 g
Fiber1.5 g71,441 g
Sugar2.2 g104,780 g

Key micronutrients

Iron
0.6 mg /100g
27,624 mg / acre
Calcium
28 mg /100g
1,333,560 mg / acre
Potassium
350 mg /100g
16,669,506 mg / acre
Vitamin C
12.3 mg /100g
585,814 mg / acre
Vitamin A
1,367 IU /100g
65,106,328 IU / acre
Folate
24 mcg /100g
1,143,052 mcg / acre

Uncertainty: Per-acre values are estimates that compound the yield range, edible-fraction assumption, and a single representative nutrient panel. Treat them as order-of-magnitude planning numbers, not nutritional advice. Confidence: high.

Ecosystem Services

Pollinator support

  • Obligate host for specialist squash bees
    high

    Winter squash is named explicitly by USDA Forest Service among the Cucurbita crops squash bees depend on. The bees rely entirely on Cucurbita pollen for provisioning offspring, making the crop a direct habitat resource rather than an incidental nectar stop.

    Applies when: Ground-nesting: avoid deep tillage of nest aggregations and morning-bloom insecticide.
    Evidence: Extension guidance·Confidence: high

Biodiversity

  • Reduces managed-hive dependence
    moderate

    A healthy resident squash bee population can fully pollinate the crop without introduced honeybees.

    Applies when: Requires undisturbed nesting ground nearby.
    Evidence: Extension guidance·Confidence: high

Soil health

  • Extended canopy cover
    moderate

    Long-season vining habit keeps soil shaded well into autumn, longer than the summer cucurbits.

    Evidence: Extension guidance·Confidence: medium

Cultivars

Named varieties and what the sources say sets each apart. A cultivar-specific zone, chill or maturity figure overrides the species value above.

No cultivars recorded yet for this crop.

Grows With / Avoid Near

Documented interactions with other catalog crops — shared pests, allelopathy, rotation effects, alley and understory pairings — for companion, guild and rotation planning. Plan a combination with Winter Squash →

Avoid near, or plan around (32)

Grows with (3)

Tolerates (1)

Direction matters: a rotation benefit of A before B says nothing about B before A. Interactions are documented pairs only; absence is a research gap, not a clean bill.

Nearby Buyers

Radius from Lake Erie Concord Grape Belt:

Eden Valley Growers

Eden, NY · 30.0 mi

cooperative
Accepts contracts

Data Sources

Every data point on this page is traceable to its source. Below you'll find the complete provenance trail — which sources were used, when data was last verified, and a full change history.

Primary sources: Data sourced from Cornell Cooperative Extension, Penn State Extension, USDA resources, and regional research.

Economics data year: 2025 · Basis: lake erie View economics source →

72 tracked changes across 9 data categories

Market Channels

Drainage Preferences

Economics & Pricing

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  • United States
  • Zone 6a

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Experimental research database. AI-assisted, may contain errors. Not formal agricultural, financial, or planting advice. Verify with your local extension service before making decisions.

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