Winter Wheat

“The NRCS recommends buckwheat should not be planted in rotation with or adjacent to commodity wheat production that will be planted to wheat within 2 calendar years after planting buckwheat in the states of Colorado, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington and Wyoming.”

“It’s not the best choice before a small grain crop such as wheat or barley unless you can kill rye reliably and completely, as volunteer rye seed would lower the value of other grains.”

“When possible, plant wheat following a legume crop (soybean) and maintain a rotation with 2 to 3 years between wheat crops. Although soybean is also affected by F. graminearum it is still better to plant wheat after soybean than after another small grain crop or corn.”

“Winter wheat should not follow rye in a rotation because of volunteer rye.”

“The disease affects small grains including wheat, barley,oats,triticale,and rye.”

“They can infect over 80 species of annual and perennial grasses including barley, corn, oats, rye, and wheat, but yield impacts are restricted to wheat, barley, and oats.”

“Of these cereal crops, wheat is the preferred host, followed by rye and barley, and is the most suitable for successful population growth”

“D, fusarium can be a problem when wheat follows corn (83).”

“When possible, plant wheat following a legume crop (soybean) and maintain a rotation with 2 to 3 years between wheat crops. Although soybean is also affected by F. graminearum it is still better to plant wheat after soybean than after another small grain crop or corn.”

“Planting wheat into corn stubble greatly increases the likelihood of FHB development, so wheat should follow a nonhost or less susceptible crop (that is, soybeans) whenever possible.”

“The scab fungus survives mainly on corn and wheat residue, but also can survive on residue of other grasses. If possible, don't plant wheat after corn or wheat. While planting wheat after corn or wheat would not necessarily result in scab, if the disease were to occur due to favorable environmental conditions, the damage likely would be greater than if wheat were planted after a broadleaf crop such as soybean.”

“The risk of head scab in wheat is much greater if wheat is planted in corn stubble than if planted in grain sorghum or soybean residue.”

“Although the fungus­is found mainly on wheat, corn, and barley,it can also occur on other annual and perennial hosts.”

“They can infect over 80 species of annual and perennial grasses including barley, corn, oats, rye, and wheat, but yield impacts are restricted to wheat, barley, and oats.”

“The risk of head scab in wheat is much greater if wheat is planted in corn stubble than if planted in grain sorghum or soybean residue.”

“D, barley is a good host for take-all, even though it is less affected by the disease than wheat (52); foot rot is highest when following barley (20).”

“When possible, plant wheat following a legume crop (soybean) and maintain a rotation with 2 to 3 years between wheat crops. Although soybean is also affected by F. graminearum it is still better to plant wheat after soybean than after another small grain crop or corn.”

“The disease affects small grains including wheat, barley,oats,triticale,and rye.”

“They can infect over 80 species of annual and perennial grasses including barley, corn, oats, rye, and wheat, but yield impacts are restricted to wheat, barley, and oats.”

“Of these cereal crops, wheat is the preferred host, followed by rye and barley, and is the most suitable for successful population growth”

“Hosts Spring wheat, winter wheat and durum wheat are the main cereal crops attacked by wheat stem sawfly, although infestation in other small grains such as barley, triticale and spelt has been observed. Barley suffers very little damage, and cultivated oats does not support wheat stem sawfly, although females do lay eggs in oats.”

“The disease affects small grains including wheat, barley,oats,triticale,and rye.”

“They can infect over 80 species of annual and perennial grasses including barley, corn, oats, rye, and wheat, but yield impacts are restricted to wheat, barley, and oats.”

“When possible, plant wheat following a legume crop (soybean) and maintain a rotation with 2 to 3 years between wheat crops. Although soybean is also affected by F. graminearum it is still better to plant wheat after soybean than after another small grain crop or corn.”

“Allelopathic (naturally occurring herbicidal) compounds in oat roots and residue can hinder weed growth for a few weeks. These compounds also can slow germination or root growth of some subsequent crops, such as lettuce, cress, timothy, rice, wheat and peas. Minimize this effect by waiting three weeks after oat killing before seeding a susceptible crop, or by following with an alternate crop.”

“Additional nitrogen is required to compensate for potential problems that may occur as a result of heavy residues (grain sorghum) and very efficient scavenging for soil nitrogen by sunflowers and grain sorghum compared to corn.”

“Wheat following grain sorghum may yield less than following other crops as a result of allelopathic chemicals in the residue or competition for water and nitrogen. Tilling the sorghum residue can reduce the impact on the wheat crop that follows.”

“If scabby wheat seeds are planted, seedling blight may develop, plus the scab fungi also cause root and crown rot diseases in small grains; ear, stalk and root rot of corn; and seed rot and damping-off of soybean.”

“When possible, plant wheat following a legume crop (soybean) and maintain a rotation with 2 to 3 years between wheat crops. Although soybean is also affected by F. graminearum it is still better to plant wheat after soybean than after another small grain crop or corn.”

“Fusarium head blight (FHB) or head scab, caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum and related species, is one of the most important diseases of wheat, oats, barley, spelt and other small grain crops.”

“Hosts Spring wheat, winter wheat and durum wheat are the main cereal crops attacked by wheat stem sawfly, although infestation in other small grains such as barley, triticale and spelt has been observed. Barley suffers very little damage, and cultivated oats does not support wheat stem sawfly, although females do lay eggs in oats.”

“fertilizer nitrogen rates should be increased about 30 pounds of nitrogen per acre if the wheat will immediately follow grain sorghum or sunflowers.”

“Although the fungus­is found mainly on wheat, corn, and barley,it can also occur on other annual and perennial hosts.”

“They can infect over 80 species of annual and perennial grasses including barley, corn, oats, rye, and wheat, but yield impacts are restricted to wheat, barley, and oats.”

“Planting wheat into corn stubble greatly increases the likelihood of FHB development, so wheat should follow a nonhost or less susceptible crop (that is, soybeans) whenever possible.”

“When possible, plant wheat following a legume crop (soybean) and maintain a rotation with 2 to 3 years between wheat crops. Although soybean is also affected by F. graminearum it is still better to plant wheat after soybean than after another small grain crop or corn.”

“Corn wireworm causes damage to many vegetable crops including cabbage, corn, lettuce, pepper, potato, and sweet potato, as well as field crops including field corn, sorghum, soybean, tobacco, and wheat.”

“When possible, plant wheat following a legume crop (soybean) and maintain a rotation with 2 to 3 years between wheat crops. Although soybean is also affected by F. graminearum it is still better to plant wheat after soybean than after another small grain crop or corn.”

“The disease affects small grains including wheat, barley,oats,triticale,and rye.”

“Hosts Spring wheat, winter wheat and durum wheat are the main cereal crops attacked by wheat stem sawfly, although infestation in other small grains such as barley, triticale and spelt has been observed. Barley suffers very little damage, and cultivated oats does not support wheat stem sawfly, although females do lay eggs in oats.”

“broadleaf weeds have time to set seeds in a grain crop before harvest, which is particularly a problem in noncompetitive or difficult-to-cultivate crops like onion and carrot”

“Wireworms (Melanotus communis, Limonius spp.) Highly wireworm- susceptible crops (e.g., root crops, corn, melons) following grassy sod or small grain crops Larvae in soil in the field Wireworms can continue to be damaging in a particular field for many years, since some species remain in the larval stage for 3–6 years.”

“Like cereal rye, mind wheat maturity preceding corn, as the more mature it gets, the higher the C:N ratio, and the more likely it is that nitrogen will be tied up (immobilization).”

“Plant clean, firm seed and rotate out of alliums for at least 4 years after an infestation. Avoid planting allium crops directly after brassicas, corn, grain, or grass cover crops.”

“D, To avoid leaf diseases, avoid planting barley after wheat (107); barley should not be planted after wheat due to leaf diseases and root rot (119).”

“Also avoid planting barley after wheat.”

“To reduce harmful nematodes that oats could encourage, avoid planting oats two years in a row or after nematode-susceptible small grains such as wheat, rye or triticale (71).”

“Plant clean seed and rotate out of alliums for at least 4 years after an infestation. Avoid planting alliums directly after brassicas, corn, grain, or grass cover crops.”

“broadleaf weeds have time to set seeds in a grain crop before harvest, which is particularly a problem in noncompetitive or difficult-to-cultivate crops like onion and carrot”

“Wireworm problems occur most often in fields that were recently in hay, pasture, or sod (within the past 3 years), had grassy weeds in previous years, or were in sorghum-sudangrass or grass cover crops or cereal grains. Forest soils may also harbor wireworms; thus recently cleared land can be infested. The most important method of wireworm control is to avoid planting potatoes or other susceptible crops in infested fields.”

“Wireworms (Melanotus communis, Limonius spp.) Highly wireworm- susceptible crops (e.g., root crops, corn, melons) following grassy sod or small grain crops Larvae in soil in the field Wireworms can continue to be damaging in a particular field for many years, since some species remain in the larval stage for 3–6 years.”

“Wireworms (Melanotus communis, Limonius spp.) Highly wireworm- susceptible crops (e.g., root crops, corn, melons) following grassy sod or small grain crops Larvae in soil in the field Wireworms can continue to be damaging in a particular field for many years, since some species remain in the larval stage for 3–6 years.”

“If the agronomic crop component matures in the early spring, such as winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a tree that breaks dormancy late is ideal; alternatively, a crop that is harvested late in the fall is appropriate with a tree that drops its leaves early. Black walnut (Juglans nigra) is a good example of a tree that satisfies both scenarios.”

“This co-mingling of species theoretically provides several advantages depending on the species planted with the walnut. For example , wheat, corn, or hay crops provide income to pay the bills early in the life of the plantation; black locust, autumn olive, vetch, and European black alder fix atmospheric nitrogen in root nodules and provide shade and improve form through side branch pressure; and Christmas trees or ornamental shrubs provide income after a few years.”

“Many agronomic crops have been used as intercrops between young pecan and walnut trees including soybeans, wheat, corn and milo.”

“If the agronomic crop component matures in the early spring, such as winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a tree that breaks dormancy late is ideal; alternatively, a crop that is harvested late in the fall is appropriate with a tree that drops its leaves early. Black walnut (Juglans nigra) is a good example of a tree that satisfies both scenarios.”

“Annual crops that mature in early-spring, like winter wheat and barley, pair well with black walnut as an alley crop because their sunlight requirements can be met ahead of black walnut’s growing season.”

“Alley crop: After trialing other alley crops (pumpkins, hay), the Stouffer’s decided no-till winter wheat was the best fit for their operation for a variety of reasons: • The wheat crop uses excessive moisture in the spring when the chestnuts can suffer from waterlogged soils. • The late leafing of the trees allows enough sunlight for the wheat crop to mature before it is harvested in June.”

“Alley cropping system consisting of chestnuts and winter wheat.”

“In dryland environment, N contributed by field pea>lentil> chickpea • N contribution is cumulative - increases with increased # of rotations (Walley et al., 2007)”

“D-, foot rot is negligible when wheat follows oat, corn, or beans (20).”

“Preliminary results indicate that wheat yield following lentil was equal or greater than wheat yield following the other four crops in 2019, 2020, and 2022, while no differences were detected when wheat followed the five previous crop treatments under severe drought in 2021 (data not presented).”

“In dryland environment, N contributed by field pea>lentil> chickpea • N contribution is cumulative - increases with increased # of rotations (Walley et al., 2007)”

“The yield goal for the pulse–wheat rotation was set at 10% greater than continuous wheat, thus requiring correspondingly greater available N. But rarely was more N fertilizer needed due to the N provided by the pulse rotation.”

“Many agronomic crops have been used as intercrops between young pecan and walnut trees including soybeans, wheat, corn and milo.”

“When possible, plant wheat following a legume crop (soybean) and maintain a rotation with 2 to 3 years between wheat crops. Although soybean is also affected by F. graminearum it is still better to plant wheat after soybean than after another small grain crop or corn.”

“Planting wheat into corn stubble greatly increases the likelihood of FHB development, so wheat should follow a nonhost or less susceptible crop (that is, soybeans) whenever possible.”

“The scab fungus survives mainly on corn and wheat residue, but also can survive on residue of other grasses. If possible, don't plant wheat after corn or wheat. While planting wheat after corn or wheat would not necessarily result in scab, if the disease were to occur due to favorable environmental conditions, the damage likely would be greater than if wheat were planted after a broadleaf crop such as soybean.”

“The yield goal for the pulse–wheat rotation was set at 10% greater than continuous wheat, thus requiring correspondingly greater available N. But rarely was more N fertilizer needed due to the N provided by the pulse rotation.”

“They found nitrogen uptake by wheat was higher with no-till than conventional tillage, and was higher when legumes preceded the wheat crop.”

“Pea manure supplied more N than fallow after only one year in a sandy loam soil during a wetter than normal year.”

“In dryland environment, N contributed by field pea>lentil> chickpea • N contribution is cumulative - increases with increased # of rotations (Walley et al., 2007)”

“During the winter wheat year, inorganic soil N content was significantly higher after the green manure AWP and seed AWP than after fallow and spring barley in both trials.”

“D-, use grain crops or sweet corn in rotation with cabbage and related species to decrease white mold (67).”

“White Mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) Fluffy white mycelium and black sclerotia distinguish this disease from other crown and root rots of carrots. The sclerotia can survive for many years on the soil. Rotate with small grains.”

“Rotate crops with a cereal or pasture crop; avoid beets, beans, brassicas, and potatoes, all of which increase inoculum.”

“D-, use grain crops or sweet corn in rotation with bean to decrease root rots (67).”

“Rotation with non-host crops such as sugar beets, corn, alfalfa, or small grains will reduce number of sclerotia in fields. Avoid planting beans in fields with a white mold history for at least 3 years.”

“Conversely, lentil and pea yields were greater following wheat or barley than following pulse crops (i.e., lentil and pea) across 2019 through 2022, while differences where not detected across previous crop treatment for barley or canola (Figure 1).”

“Root-knot nematode is extremely damaging to carrots and parsnips, even at low population densities. Stunted, unthrifty foliage is often the first symptom of nematode damage on carrots and parsnips. Taproots often produce multiple forks and abundant fine feeder roots with small galls. Monitor soils for nematode populations. Rotate with non-hosts such as cereals.”

“Infestation can be further delayed by having winter wheat or hay between rotated fields. Another cultural practice is no-till, or using straw mulch. We are not sure why this works, but it has been effective in several studies with tomatoes, including observations in Lackawanna County.”

“D-, use of 2 years of grass or 1 year of cereal in rotation with potato helps reduce rhizoctonia canker (67).”

“Rotate crops with a cereal or pasture crop; avoid beets, beans, brassicas, and potatoes, all of which increase inoculum.”

“D-, use grain crops or sweet corn in rotation with bean to decrease root rots (67).”

“It is important to note that the pathogen has a very broad host range and infects crops such as alfalfa, canola, edible beans, cole crops, peanuts, pulse crops and sunflower. In addition, good weed management is recommended because several weeds are hosts for the pathogen. Corn and wheat can be used in crop rotation with soybean to minimize inoculum build-up over time.”

“Rotating host crops with non-host crops (corn, small grains, and alfalfa) is the most effective method of controlling SCN. Under average Ohio conditions, SCN populations may decline by 50 percent per year under non-host crops. In fields where SCN populations are high, it may take three years or more of non-host crops between soybean crops to reduce SCN populations significantly.”

“Care should be taken when selecting crops to rotate with soybeans. Most broad-leaf crops such as alfalfa, sunflower, dry beans, are also hosts of white mold. Small grains and corn are good nonhost crops for white mold.”

“Adding a small grain to the corn>soybean rotation helps control white mold on soybeans, since two years out of beans are needed to reduce pathogen populations.”

“Rotate crops with a cereal or pasture crop (avoid beets, beans, brassicas, and potatoes, which can increase inoculum).”

“Conversely, lentil and pea yields were greater following wheat or barley than following pulse crops (i.e., lentil and pea) across 2019 through 2022, while differences where not detected across previous crop treatment for barley or canola (Figure 1).”

“Crop rotation with nonhosts (for example, wheat and corn), avoiding fields with a history of the disease and selection of a resistant sunflower hybrid (if available) are important management tools for Verticillium wilt.”

“Research in Crookston, Minn., showed that sunflower seed yield was 5% higher after potato, 20% higher after sugarbeet, 8% higher after pinto bean and 17% higher after wheat, compared with sunflower grown after sunflower.”

“D-, use grain crops or sweet corn in rotation with beet to decrease root rots (67).”

“Infestation can be further delayed by having winter wheat or hay between rotated fields. Another cultural practice is no-till, or using straw mulch. We are not sure why this works, but it has been effective in several studies with tomatoes, including observations in Lackawanna County.”

“Rotate tomatoes with non-host crops such as corn or small grains for at least 4 years.”

“Resistant plants to juglone include beans, beets, cedar, cherry, corn, daffodil, elm, ferns, forsythia, hawthorn, hemlock, iris, locust, most maples, oaks, onions, orchard grass, pachysandra, sycamore, viburnums, and wheat (PNW Disease Management Handbook, 2016).”

“Do not reduce nitrogen fertilizer rates for wheat following soybeans compared to continuous wheat, since the organic nitrogen release from the soybean crop is likely to occur too late the next spring to benefit the wheat crop.”

“Wheat is not as competitive in a mixture as cereal rye, and mixes well with legumes like crimson clover, red clover, hairy vetch, and winter peas.”